Methodology for the evaluation of media literacy in children and youth. Recommendations and trends

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.nov.16

Keywords:

Media literacy, Media education, Educommunication, Assessment, Evaluation, Media, Kids, Youths, Teenagers, Digital natives, Media messages, Uses of the media, Production of media content, Participation, Critical thinking, Comprehension, Media content, School environment, School context

Abstract

In the current communicational scenario, transformed by technological and digital advances, media literacy is considered a crucial competence for active and informed participation in society. In this context, the main objective of this study was to assess the media literacy competences of 416 students of the 4th, 6th, and 9th grades in Portugal, identifying training needs and presenting suggestions for intervention. A non-experimental quantitative methodology was used, and the participants completed a self-response questionnaire. The results indicate that the three grades studied have a transversal need regarding the use of media, the production of media content, and participation in society through the media, and also regarding the analysis, understanding, and assessment of media content. We confirm the importance of media education in the development of media literacy and present some intervention suggestions for the promotion of these competences in the school context, namely the reinforcement of some curricular content, the use of guiding documents, and the development of critical thinking. We emphasize the importance of training teachers and parents on the subject, and finally, we also emphasize the importance of deconstructing the belief that digital natives have natural competences in this regard and therefore do not need training in this area.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aguaded, Ignacio; Santos, Vanessa M.; Chibás-Ortiz, Felipe; Vizcaí­no-Verdú, Arantxa (coords.) (2021). Currí­culo Alfamed de formaí§í£o de professores em educaí§í£o midiática AMI (Alfabetizaí§í£o midiática e informacional) na era pós-COVID-19. Sí£o Paulo: Palavra Aberta. ISBN: 978 65 991778 3 5 https://educamidia.org.br/api/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-Curriculo-Alfamed-PT-final-1-compactado.pdf

Akí§ayır, Murat; Dí¼ndar, Hakan; Akí§ayır, Gí¶kí§e (2016). "What makes you a digital native? Is it enough to be born after 1980?". Computers in human behavior, n. 60, pp. 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.089

Arke, Edward T. (2005). Media literacy and critical thinking: Is there a connection?. PhD thesis, Duquesne University, United States. https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/9

Aufderheide, Patricia; Firestone, Charles M. (1992). Media literacy: a report of the national leadership conference on media literacy (Issue 2). Queenstown, Maryland: The Aspen Institute. ISBN: 0 89843 137 9 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED365294.pdf

Bennett, Sue; Maton, Karl; Kervin, Lisa (2008). "The "˜digital natives´ debate: a critical review of the evidence". British journal of educational technology, v. 39, n. 5, pp. 775-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00793.x

Bilotserkovets, Marina; Fomenko, Tatiana; Gubina, Oksana; Klochkova, Tetiana; Lytvynko, Oksana (2021). "Fostering media literacy skills in the EFL virtual classroom: a case study in the COVID-19 lockdown period". International journal of learning, teaching and educational research, v. 20, n. 2, pp. 251-269. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.14

Boyd, Danah (2014). It´s complicated: the social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press. ISBN: 978 0 300 16631 6 https://cva.unifr.ch/content/boyd-2014-its-complicated-social-lives-networked-teens

Buckingham, David (2009). "The future of media literacy in the digital age: some challenges for policy and practice". Medienimpulse, v. 47, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.21243/mi-02-09-13

Buckingham, David (2020). "Epilogue: rethinking digital literacy: media education in the age of digital capitalism". Digital education review, n. 37, pp. 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1344/DER.2020.37.230-239

Buckingham, David; Banaji, Shakuntala; Burn, Andrew; Carr, Diane; Cranmer, Susan; Willett, Rebekah (2005). The media literacy of children and young people: a review of the research literature on behalf of Ofcom. London: University of London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10000145/1/Buckinghammedialiteracy.pdf

Buescu, Helena C.; Morais, José; Rocha, Maria-Regina; Magalhí£es, Violante F. (2015). Programa e metas curriculares do ensino básico portuguíªs. Lisboa: Ministério da Educaí§í£o e Ciíªncia. http://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/Basico/Metas/Portugues/pmcpeb_julho_2015.pdf

Celot, Paolo (ed.) (2010). Study on assessment criteria for media literacy levels. A comprehensive view of the concept of media literacy and an understanding of how media literacy levels in Europe should be assessed. Final report. Brussels: EAVI. https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/culture/library/studies/literacy-criteria-report_en.pdf

Celot, Paolo (2015). Assessing media literacy levels and the European Commission pilot initiative, March. Brussels: EAVI. https://eavi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/assessing.pdf

Comedig (2020). Comedig: Competíªncias de literacia digital e mediática em Portugal. Apresentaí§í£o. https://www.uc.pt/fpce/comedig/apresentacao

Conselho da Unií£o Europeia (2020). "Conclusíµes do Conselho sobre a literacia mediática num mundo em constante mutaí§í£o". Jornal oficial da Unií£o Europeia, C 193/06, pp. 23-28.

Costa, Conceií§í£o; Sousa, Carla; Tyner, Kathleen (2019). "Ní­veis de literacia mediática em estudantes do 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico em Portugal". In: Pereira, Sara (ed.). Literacia, media e cidadania - Livro de atas do 5º congresso. Braga: Centro de Estudos de Comunicaí§í£o e Sociedade, pp. 83-95. ISBN: 978 989 8600 86 8 http://www.lasics.uminho.pt/ojs/index.php/cecs_ebooks/article/view/3226/3120

EAVI; DTI (2011). Testing and refining criteria to assess media literacy levels in Europe. Final report. Brussels: European Commission. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4cbb53b5-689c-4996-b36b-e920df63cd40

Ennis, Robert H. (1985). "A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills". Educational leaderschip, October, pp. 44-48. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/80a7/c7d4a98987590751df4b1bd9adf747fd7aaa.pdf

ERC - Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicaí§í£o Social (2021). EduMediaTest - Uma ferramenta interativa de avaliaí§í£o e formaí§í£o em educaí§í£o para os media de jovens com idades entre os 14-18 anos. Relatório final. https://www.flipsnack.com/ercpt/erc-relat-rio-nacional-do-projeto-edumediatest/full-view.html

European Commission (2009). "Commission Recommendation of 20 August on media literacy in the digital environment for a more competitive audiovisual and content industry and an inclusive knowledge society (2009/625/CE)". Official journal of the European Union, L227, pp. 9-12. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009H0625&from=PT

European Commission (2021). Eurostat data browser. Individuals - Internet use. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ISOC_CI_IFP_IU__custom_1077182/default/table?lang=en

Ferrés, Joan; Piscitelli, Alejandro (2012). "La competencia mediática: propuesta articulada de dimensiones e indicadores. Media Competence. Articulated Proposal of Dimensions and Indicators". Comunicar, n. 38, v. XIX, pp. 75-82. https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-08

Garcí­a-Ruiz, Rosa; Gozálvez-Pérez, Vicent; Aguaded, Ignacio (2014). "La competencia mediática como reto para la educomunicación: instrumentos de evaluación". Cuadernos.Info, n. 35, pp. 15-27. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.35.623

Garcí­a-Ruiz, Rosa; Pinto-da-Mota-Matos, Armanda; Arenas-Fernández, Arturo; Ugalde, Cecilia (2020). "Alfabetización mediática en educación primaria. Perspectiva internacional del nivel de competencia mediática". Pixel-bit, n. 58, pp. 217-236. https://doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.74535

Garcí­a-Ruiz, Rosa; Ramí­rez-Garcí­a, Antonia; Rodrí­guez-Rosell, Marí­a-del-Mar (2014). "Media literacy education for a new prosumer citizenship / Educación en alfabetización mediática para una nueva ciudadaní­a prosumidora". Comunicar, n. 43, pp. 15-23. https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-01

Grizzle, Alton; Moore, Penny; Dezuanni, Michael; Asthana, Sanjay; Wilson, Carolyn; Banda, Fackson; Onumah, Chido (2016). Alfabetizaí§í£o midiática e informacional: diretrizes para a formulaí§í£o de polí­ticas e estratégias (Unesco). ISBN: 978 85 7652 214 0 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246421

Grizzle, Alton; Wilson, Carolyn; Tuazon, Ramon; Cheung, Chi-Kim; Lau, Jesús; Fisher, Rachel; Gordon, Dorothy; Akyempong, Kwame; Singh, Jagtar; Carr, Paul; Stewart, Christine; Tayie, Samy; Suraj, Olunifesi; Jaakkola, Maarit; Thésée, Gina; Gulston, Curmira (2021). Think critically, click wisely! Unesco. ISBN: 978 92 3 100448 3 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377068

Hill, Manuela M.; Hill, Andrew (2009). Investigaí§í£o por questionário. Lisboa: Edií§íµes Sí­labo. ISBN: 978 972 6182733

Hobbs, Renee (2017). "Measuring the digital and media literacy competencies of children and teens". In: Blumberg, Fran C.; J. Brooks, Patricia (eds.). Cognitive development in digital contexts. London: Academic Press, pp. 253-274. ISBN: 978 0 128094815

Horta, Maria-Joí£o; Mendoní§a, Fernando; Nascimento, Rui (2012). Metas curriculares - Tecnologias de informaí§í£o e comunicaí§í£o - 7º e 8º anos. Ministério da Educaí§í£o e da Ciíªncia. https://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/eb_tic_7_e_8_ano.pdf

Jenkins, Henry (2007). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: media education for the 21 century. The MacArthur Foundation. https://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/JENKINS_WHITE_PAPER.PDF

Kaiser, Henry (1974). "An index of factorial simplicity". Psichometrika, v. 39, n. 1, pp. 31-36. https://jaltcue.org/files/articles/Kaiser1974_an_index_of_factorial_simplicity.pdf

Kí¶nig, Johannes; Jí¤ger-Biela, Daniela; Glutsch, Nina (2020). "Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany". European journal of teacher education, v. 43, n. 4, pp. 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650

Livingstone, Sonia; Thumim, Nancy (2003). Assessing the media literacy of UK adults: a review of the academic literature. London: Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission, Niace. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21673

Livingstone, Sonia; Van-Couvering, Elisabeth; Thumim, Nancy (2005). Adult media literacy: a review of the research literature on behalf of Ofcom. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d6df/537795ac8add46922f2ca3e617be9a3ec20f.pdf

Martens, Hans (2010). "Evaluating media literacy education: concepts, theories and future directions". Journal of media literacy education, v. 2, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2-1-1

Mateus, Julio-César; Andrada, Pablo; González-Cabrera, Catalina; Ugalde, Cecilia; Novomisky, Sebastián (2022). "Teachers´ perspectives for a critical agenda in media education post COVID-19. A comparative study in Latin America". Comunicar, n. 70, pp. 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3916/C70-2022-01

Matos, Armanda (2017). "Cyberbulling: educar para proteger". CyberLaw by CIJIC, n. IV (Setembro), pp. 40-67. http://www.cijic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Cyberlaw-by-CIJIC_edicao-n4.pdf

Matos, Armanda; Festas, Maria I.; Seixas, Ana M. (2016). "Digital media and the challenges for media education". Applied technologies and innovations, v.12, n. 2, pp. 43-53. https://doi.org/10.15208/ati.2016.04

Pereira, Sara; Pinto, Manuel; Madureira, Eduardo; Pombo, Teresa; Guedes, Madalena (2014). Referencial de educaí§í£o para os media. Ministério da Educaí§í£o e Ciíªncia, Portugal. https://www.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/ficheiros/referencial_educacao_media_2014.pdf

Pereira, Sara; Pinto, Manuel; Moura, Pedro (2015). Ní­veis de literacia mediática: estudo exploratório com jovens do 12º ano. Braga: Universidade do Minho. Centro de Estudos de Comunicaí§í£o e Sociedade (CECS). ISBN: 978 989 8600 41 7 http://anesbandarra.net/moodle2/pluginfile.php/3778/mod_resource/content/1/2117_7589_4_PB.pdf

Pilatti, Luí­s A.; Pedroso, Bruno; Gutierrez, Gustavo L. (2010). "Propriedades psicométricas de instrumentos de avaliaí§í£o: um debate necessário". Revista brasileira de ensino de ciíªncia e tecnologia, v. 3, n. 1, pp. 81-91. https://doi.org/10.3895/S1982-873X2010000100005

Pinto, Manuel; Pereira, Sara (2018). "Experiíªncias, perceí§íµes e expectativas da formaí§í£o de professores em educaí§í£o para os media em Portugal". Revista interuniversitaria de formación del profesorado, v. 32, n. 91.1, pp. 83-103. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6441414

Ponte, Cristina; Batista, Susana (2019). EU Kids Online Portugal. Usos, competíªncias, riscos e mediaí§íµes da internet reportados por crianí§as e jovens (9-17 anos). http://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/eukidsonline/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2019/03/RELATOÌRIO-FINAL-EU-KIDS-ONLINE.docx.pdf

Potter, W. James (2010). "The state of media literacy". Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, v. 4, n. 54, pp. 675-696. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.521462

Prensky, Mark (2001). "Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 1". On the horizon, v. 9, n. 5. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816

Sales, Dora; Cuevas-Cerveró, Aurora; Gómez-Hernández, José-Antonio (2020). "Perspectives on the information and digital competence of Social Sciences students and faculty before and during lockdown due to Covid-19". Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 4, e290423. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.23

Schilder, Evelien; Lockee, Barbara; Saxon, Patrick (2016). "The challenges of assessing media literacy education". Journal of media literacy education, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 32-48.

Tabachnick, Barbara; Fidell, Linda (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. Sixth ed. Boston: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN: 978 0 205849574

Taddeo, Gabriela; De-Frutos-Torres, Belinda; Alvarado, Marí­a-Cruz (2022). "Creadores y espectadores frente al desorden informativo online. Efectos de la producción de contenidos digitales en competencias informativas". Comunicar, v. 30, n. 72, pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.3916/C72-2022-01

Tenreiro-Vieira, Celina; Marques-Vieira, Rui (2000). "Promover as capacidades de pensamentos dos alunos: tipos de pensamento". Cadernos interdisciplinares, n. 27, pp. 16-21. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1341/134157920003

Zhang, Hui; Zhu, Chang (2016). "A study of digital media literacy of the 5th and 6th grade primary students in Beijing". Asia-Pacific education researcher, n. 25, pp. 579-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0285-2

Published

2022-11-30

How to Cite

Fernandes, P., P. M. Matos, A., & Festas, I. (2022). Methodology for the evaluation of media literacy in children and youth. Recommendations and trends. Profesional De La información, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.nov.16

Issue

Section

Research articles