Perception of teachers, students, innovation managers and journalists about the use of artificial intelligence in journalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.09Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, AI, Journalism, Journalists, Robot journalists, Robot journalism, Robojournalism, Algorithmic journalism, Automated journalism, High-tech journalism, Emerging technologies, Information and communications technologies, Profession.Abstract
The perception that exists in the professional and academic sector about the use of artificial intelligence in journalism is analyzed. The work has been developed over eleven months through interviews with heads of innovation from several national media (N=10) and university professors (N=10) and questionnaires to journalists (N=251) and students of Journalism and Audiovisual Communication (N=194). The results show a coincidence in both discourses in that this technology will not have a negative impact on the journalistic labor market. There is also a consensus that the quality of automated news presents some important shortcomings, as well as the need to bet on a solid training of journalists that integrates the use of emerging technologies.
Downloads
References
Anderson, Christopher W. (2013). "Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism". New media & society, v. 15, n. 7, pp. 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137
Barrat, James (2013). Our final invention: Artificial intelligence and the end of the human era. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. St. Martin Press. ISBN: 978 0 312622374
Bauman, Zygmunt (2017). Vida líquida. Barcelona: Paidós. ISBN: 978 84 08040958
Bercovici, Jeff (2010). "Can you tell a robot write this? Does it matter?". Forbes, November 9. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2010/11/29/can-you-tell-a-robot-wrote-this-does-it-matter
Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence. Paths, dangers, strategies. Lavis: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 198739838
Brandom, Russell (2014). "How to teach a robot to write. Automated writing programs are coming to journalism. Is it good news?". The verge, July 11. https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/11/5890693/how-to-teach-a-robot-to-write
Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company. ISBN: 978 0 393239355
Bunz, Mercedes (2010). "In the US, algorithms are already reporting the news". The guardian, March 30. https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2010/mar/30/digital-media-algorithms-reporting-journalism
Burrell, Jenna (2016). "How the machine "˜thinks´: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms". Big data and society, v. 3, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512
Cabero-Almenara, Julio; Llorente-Cejudo, María-del-Carmen (2013). "La aplicación del juicio de experto como técnica de evaluación de las tecnologías de la información (TIC)". Eduweb, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 11-22. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4857163
Callejo, Javier (1998). "Los límites de la formalización de las prácticas cualitativas de investigación social". Sociológica. Revista de pensamiento social, n. 3, pp. 93-119. https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/handle/2183/2707
Carlson, Matt (2015). "The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority". Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Casals-Carro, María-Jesús (2006). "La enseñanza del periodismo y las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación". Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, v. 12, pp. 59-70. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/ESMP0606110059A
Casero-Ripollés, Andreu; Ortells-Badenes, Sara; Doménech-Fabregat, Hugo (2013). "Las competencias profesionales en periodismo: una evaluación comparativa". Historia y comunicación social, v. 18, pp. 53-64. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_HICS.2013.v18.44311
Caswell, David; Dí¶rr, Konstantin (2018). "Automated journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives". Journalism practice, v. 12, n. 4, pp. 477-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773
Cerezo, Pepe (2018). Los medios líquidos. La transformación de los modelos de negocio. Barcelona: UOC. ISBN: 978 84 91801993
Cervera, José (2017). "El futuro del periodismo es ciborg". Cuadernos de periodistas, n. 34, pp. 102-109. http://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/futuro-del-periodismo-ciborg
Cid, Guillermo (2017). "Este robot reemplazará a los periodistas (empezando por los deportivos)". Elconfidencial.com, 31 agosto. https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2017-08-31/goles-robots-noticias-narrativa-startup_1436100
Clerwall, Christer (2014). "Enter the robot journalist. Users´ perceptions of automated content". Journalism practice, v. 8, n. 5, pp. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.883116
Coddington, Mark (2015). "Clarifying journalism´s quantitative turn". Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 331-348. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400
Codina, Lluís (2017). "Revisiones sistematizadas y cómo llevarlas a cabo con garantías: Systematic reviews y SALSA Framework". Lluís Codina, 20 abril. https://www.lluiscodina.com/revision-sistematica-salsa-framework
Cosoy, Natalio (2017). "Adivina quién escribió esto, un robot o un periodista". BBC, 29 enero. http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-38740312
Dawson, Ross (2010). "The rise of robot journalists". Ross Dawson, 15 April. https://rossdawson.com/blog/the_rise_of_rob/
Diakopoulos, Nicholas (2019). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 978 0 674976986
Dí¶rr, Konstantin-Nicholas (2016). "Mapping the field algorithmic journalism". Digital journalism, v. 4, n. 6, pp. 700-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
Eudes, Yves (2014). "The journalists who never sleep". The guardian, September 12. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/12/artificial-intelligence-data-journalism-media
Fanta, Alexander (2017). Putting Europe´s robots on the map: Automated journalism in news agencies. University of Oxford; Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. http://bit.ly/2m3NFzv
Fernández-Barrero, Ángeles (2018). El periodismo que vuela. Drones, 3D, smartphones y robots, tecnologías emergentes para la profesión periodística. Sevilla: Fénix Editora. ISBN: 978 84 94805257
Flores-Vivar, Jesús-Miguel (2018). "Algoritmos, aplicaciones y big data, nuevos paradigmas en el proceso de comunicación y de enseñanza-aprendizaje del periodismo de datos". Revista de comunicación, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 268-291. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC17.2-2018-A12
Ford, Martin (2013). "Could artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis?". Communications of the ACM, v. 56, n. 7, pp. 37-39. https://doi.org/10.1145/2483852.2483865
Gani, Aisha; Haddou, Leila (2014). "Could robots be the journalists of the future?". The guardian, March 16. https://www.theguardian.com/media/shortcuts/2014/mar/16/could-robots-be-journalist-of-future
García-Avilés, José-Alberto (2018). "Resultados de la innovación en los laboratorios de medios: El caso de El confidencial.Lab". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 359-366. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.14
Gaitán-Moya, Juan-Antonio; Piñuel-Raigada, José-Luis (1998). Técnicas de investigación en comunicación social: elaboración y registro de datos. Madrid: Síntesis. ISBN: 978 84 77386049
Graefe, Andreas (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Columbia Journalism School. Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/guide_to_automated_journalism.php
Hansen, Mark; Roca-Sales, Meritxell; Keegan, Jonathan; King, George (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism. Columbia University Libraries. Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8X92PRD
Harcup, Tony (2014). Oxford dictionary of journalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Humanes-Humanes, María-Luisa; Roses-Campos, Sergio (2014). "Valoración de los estudiantes sobre la enseñanza del Periodismo en España". Comunicar, v. 21, n. 42, pp. 181-188. https://doi.org/10.3916/C42-2014-18
Jung, Jaemin; Song, Haeyeop; Kim, Youngju; Im, Hyunsuk; Oh, Sewook (2017). "Intrusion of software robots into journalism: The public´s and journalists´ perceptions of news written by algorithms and human journalists". Computers in human behavior, v. 71, pp. 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.022
Karlsen, Joakim; Stavelin, Eirik (2014). "Computational journalism in Norwegian newsrooms". Journalism practice, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.813190
Kim, Jong-Hwan; Lee, Kang-Hee; Kim, Yong-Duk; Kuppuswamy, Naveen-Suresh; Jo, Jun (2007). "Ubiquitous robot: A new paradigm for integrated services". In: Proceedings 2007 IEEE Intl conf on robotics and automation, pp. 2853-2858. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2007.363904
Lecompte, Celeste (2015). "Automation in the newsroom. How algorithms are helping reporters expand coverage, engage audiences, and respond to breaking news". Nieman reports, September 1. https://niemanreports.org/articles/automation-in-the-newsroom
Lee, Sung-Min; Kim, Tai-Yun (1998). "A news on demand service system based on robot agent". In: Proceedings 1998 Intl conf on parallel and distributed systems, pp. 528-532. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADS.1998.741128
Lemelshtrich, Noam (2018). Robot journalism: Can human journalism survive? Israel: Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. ISBN: 978 981 3237339
Lichterman, Joseph (2017). "Want to bring automation to your newsroom? A new AP report details best practices". NiemanLab, April 5. http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/04/want-to-bring-automation-to-your-newsroom-a-new-ap-report-details-best-practices
Lindén, Carl-Gustav (2017). "Algorithms for journalism: The future of news work". The journal of media innovations, v. 4, n. 1, pp. 60-76. https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420
López-García, Xosé (2012). "La formación de los periodistas para los entornos digitales actuales". Revista de comunicación, n. 11, pp. 178Â195. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4508642
López-García, Xosé; Rodríguez-Vázquez, Ana-Isabel; Pereira-Fariña, Xosé (2017). "Competencias tecnológicas y nuevos perfiles profesionales: desafíos del periodismo actual". Comunicar, v. 25, n. 53, pp. 81-90. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-08
Lozano, Vicente (2017). "La comunicación líquida de Bauman". El mundo, 12 enero. http://bit.ly/2KWSqa4
Marconi, Francesco; Siegman, Alex (2017). A guide for newsrooms in the age of smart machines. The Associated Press. https://insights.ap.org/uploads/images/the-future-of-augmented-journalism_ap-report.pdf
Martin, Sean (2017). "Rise of the machine: Journalists under threat as AI robot writes article in one second". Express, January 23. https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/757802/RISE-OF-THE-MACHINE-artificial-intelligence-ai
Matsumoto, Rie; Nakayama, Hideki; Harada, Tatsuya; Kuniyoshi, Yasuo (2007). "Journalist robot: Robot system making news articles from real world". In: 2007 IEEE Intl conf on robotics and automation, pp. 1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2007.4399598
Monnerat, Alessandra (2018). "Científicos de datos trabajan en el primer robot-periodista de Brasil para reportar sobre proyectos de ley de la Cámara". Journalism in the Americas, Jan. https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/es/blog/00-19184-cientificos-de-datos-trabajan-en-el-primer-robot-periodista-de-brasil-para-reportar-so
Montal, Tal; Reich, Zvi (2017). "I, robot. You, journalist. Who is the author?". Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 7, pp. 829-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
Murcia-Verdú, Francisco-José; Ufarte-Ruiz, María-José (2019). "Mapa de riesgos del periodismo hi-tech". Hipertext.net, n. 18, pp. 47-55. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2019.i18.05
Newman, Nic (2018). Journalism, media, and technology trends and predictions. Reuters Institute. http://bit.ly/2tvpzBK
Okuda-Benavides, Mayumi; Gómez-Restrepo, Carlos (2005). "Metodología de investigación y lectura crítica de estudios. Métodos de investigación cualitativa: triangulación". Revista colombiana de psiquiatría, v. 34, n. 1. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/806/80628403009.pdf
Palomo, Bella (2013). "Claves de la implantación y la expansión del perfil social del periodista". Comunicación y medios, n. 28, pp. 113Â129. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5242819.pdf
Papadimitriou, Aristea (2016). The future of communication: Artificial intelligence and social networks. Mí¤lmo University. http://bit.ly/379xa7O
Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, Marta; Papí-Gálvez, Natalia; Bergaz-Portolés, María (2019). "Del planificador de medios al experto en medios: El efecto digital en la publicidad". Comunicar, v. 27, n. 59, pp. 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3916/C59-2019-10
Podolny, Shelley (2015). "If an algorithm wrote this, how would you even know?". The New York Times, March 7. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/if-an-algorithm-wrote-this-how-would-you-even-know.html
Ramírez-Montoya, María-Soledad; García-Peñalvo, Francisco-José (2018). "Co-creación e innovación abierta: Revisión sistemática de literatura". Comunicar, v. 26, n. 54, pp. 9-18. https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-01
Renó, Luciana (2018). Manual de periodismo de datos. Aveiro: Ria Editorial.
Russell, Stuart; Norvig, Peter (2003). Artificial intelligence. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 978 0 13 790395 5
Salaverría, Ramón (2014). "Periodismo en 2014: balance y tendencia". Cuaderno de periodistas, n. 29, pp. 9-22. http://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/media/2015/01/09-22-SALAVERRIA.pdf
Salaverría, Ramón (2016). "Los medios de comunicación que vienen". En: Sádaba, Charo; García-Avilés, José-Alberto; Martínez-Costa, María-del-Pilar. Innovación y desarrollo de los cibermedios en España, pp. 255-263. Pamplona: Eunsa. ISBN: 978 84 31331252
Salaverría, Ramón (2019). "Transmedia production: Key steps in creating a storyworld". In: Deuze, Mark; Prenger, Mirjam (eds.). Making media. Production, practicees, and professions. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 453-461.
Salazar, Idoia (2018). "Los robots y la inteligencia artificial. Nuevos retos del periodismo". Doxa comunicación, n. 27, pp. 295-315. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n27a15
Sánchez-Gonzales, Hada M.; Sánchez-González, María (2017). "Los bots como servicio de noticias y de conectividad emocional con las audiencias. El caso de Politibot". Doxa comunicación, n. 25, pp. 63-84. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n25a3
Sancho-Caparrini, Fernando (2018). "Breve historia de la inteligencia artificial". Revista de Occidente, n. 446-447, pp. 19-33. Madrid: Fundación José Ortega y Gasset-Gregorio Marañón. https://ortegaygasset.edu/producto/no-446-447-julio-agosto-2018
Sandle, Tim (2018). "Op-Ed: Has this article been written by a robot?". Digital journal, February 3. http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/technology/op-ed-has-this-article-been-written-by-a-robot/article/513885
Sandoval-Martín, Teresa; La-Rosa-Barrolleta, Leonardo; Erranz-Fernández, Francisco; Franco-Álvarez, Guillermina (2019). "Estudio sobre la calidad de las noticias automatizadas en español". En: XXV Congreso intl SEP oportunidades y riesgos del periodismo hiperconectado. Bizkaia Aretoa (Bilbao, UPV/EHU), 30-31 de mayo de 2019.
Silverman, Craig (2013). "5 ways robots can improve accuracy, journalism quality". Poynter, March 8. https://www.poynter.org/news/5-ways-robots-can-improve-accuracy-journalism-quality
Soler-Pujals, Pere; Enríque-Jiménez, Ana-María (2012). "Reflexión sobre el rigor científico en la investigación cualitativa". Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, v. 18, pp. 879-888. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2012.v18.40966
Southern, Lucinda (2017). "Spanish publisher El país drove nearly 1,000 bot subscribers over French election". Digiday, May 12. https://digiday.com/media/spanish-publisher-el-pais-drove-nearly-1000-news-bot-subscribers-french-election
Stern, Reuben (2017). "FL#195: A home page designed by algorithm". Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute, May 24. https://www.rjionline.org/stories/fl195-a-homepage-designed-by-algorithm
Thurman, Neil; Dí¶rr, Konstantin; Kunert, Jessica (2017). "When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism´s capabilities and consequences". Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 10, pp. 1240-1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819
Túñez-López, José-Miguel; Toural-Bran, Carlos (2018). "Inteligencia artificial en la gestión de la comunicación: impacto de la robotización en la elaboración de contenidos informativos". En: Herrero, Javier; Trenta, Milena (coords.). Comunicación y música: mensajes, manifestaciones y negocios. Universidad de La Laguna, diciembre de 2018 (2ª edición), pp. 1884-1896.
Túñez-López, José-Miguel; Toural-Bran, Carlos; Cacheiro-Requeijo, Santiago (2018). "Uso de bots y algoritmos para automatizar la redacción de noticias: percepción y actitudes de los periodistas en España". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 4, pp. 750-758. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.04
Túñez-López, José-Miguel; Toural-Bran, Carlos; Valdiviezo-Abad, Cesibel (2019). "Automatización, bots y algoritmos en la redacción de noticias. Impacto y calidad del periodismo artificial". Revista latina de comunicación social, n. 74, pp. 1411-1433. http://revistalatinacs.org/n_anteriores/074paper/1391/74es.html
Ufarte-Ruiz, María-José; Peralta-García, Lidia; Murcia-Verdú, Francisco-José (2018). "Fact checking: un nuevo desafío del periodismo". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 4, pp. 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02
Vállez, Mari; Codina, Lluís (2018). "Periodismo computacional: evolución, casos y herramientas". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 4, pp. 759-768. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.05
Van-Dalen, Arjen (2012). "The algorithms behind the headlines. How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists". Journalism practice, v. 6, n. 5-6, pp. 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
Van-der-Kaa, Hille; Krahmer, Emiel (2014). "Journalist versus news consumer. The perceived credibility of machine written news". In: Proceedings of the computation + journalism conference. New York. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/4314960/cj2014_session4_paper2.pdf
Villareal-Larrinaga, Oskar; Landeta-Rodríguez, Jon (2010). "El estudio de caso como metodología de investigación científica en dirección y economía de la empresa. Una aplicación a la internacionalización". Investigaciones europeas de dirección y economía de la empresa, v. 16, n. 3, pp. 31-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1135-2523(12)60033-1
Villoro, Juan (2015). "Periodismo robot". El periódico, 16 agosto.
https://www.elperiodico.com/es/opinion/20150815/periodismo-robot-4433311
Weeks, Lin (2014). "Media law and copyright implications of automated journalism". Journal of intellectual property and entertainment law, v. 4, n. 1, pp. 67-94. https://jipel.law.nyu.edu/vol-4-no-1-3-weeks
Yin, Robert K. (1981). "The case study crisis: Some answers". Administrative science quarterly, v. 26, n. 1, pp. 58-65.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Dissemination conditions of the articles once they are published
Authors can freely disseminate their articles on websites, social networks and repositories
However, the following conditions must be respected:
- Only the editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with this copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://www.profesionaldelainformacion.com
- Only the final editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with that copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com
Profesional de la información journal offers the articles in open access with a Creative Commons BY license.
