Evolution of digital activism on social media: opportunities and challenges

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.03

Keywords:

Digital activism, Social networking sites, Social media, Affordances, Affective publics, Influencers, Virality, Datafication, Connective action, Data activism, Interest groups, Hacktivism, Clicktivism, Slacktivism

Abstract

The social media revolution has affected all areas, including activism. However, there is scepticism about its emancipatory capacity, and it is considered by some to be a distorted form of activism. This article presents a review of the existing literature on digital activism, starting with the concept itself, and examines its impact on the organisation of activists and citizen participation. Likewise, based on the platformisation of these spaces and the evolution of their affordances, we observe a growth in individual, strategic and low-commitment participation, the accentuation of the role of emotions in media that promote virality, and the assumption of playful forms of politainment by activists -especially on TikTok-. On the other hand, the strategies carried out by organisations to promote activism in relation to their causes are investigated, such as the generation of arguments provided by the interest group and the involvement in an action of dissemination, co-creation and replication of activists. Finally, the main challenges of digital activism are indicated: the growing inequality in terms of access to algorithmic visibility between activists and brands, influencers and interest groups; the desirability of complementing playful activism with work in alternative digital media that allows for more stable forms of collaboration; and the need to protect activists against the growth of hate speech on these platforms.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbas, Laila; Fahmy, Shahira S.; Ayad, Sherry; Ibrahim, Mirna; Ali, Abdelmoneim H. (2022). "TikTok intifada: Analyzing social media activism among youth". Online media and global communication, v. 1, n. 2, pp. 287-314. https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2022-0014

Abidin, Crystal (2019). "Minahs and minority celebrity: Parody YouTube influencers and minority politics in Singapore". Celebrity studies, v. 12, n. 4, pp. 598-617. https://doi. org/10.1080/19392397.2019.1698816

Abidin, Crystal (2021). "Mapping internet celebrity on TikTok: Exploring attention economies and visibility labours". Cultural science journal, v. 12, n. 1, pp. 77-103. https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.140

Abidin, Crystal; Lee, Jin (2022). Social Justice through social media pop cultures: Case studies and reading resources on influencers and TikTok. TikTok cultures research network (TCRN) & Social media pop cultures programme, Centre for Culture and Technology (CCAT), Curtin University. https://TikTokCultures.com/socialjustice2022

Abidin, Crystal; Zeng, Jing (2020). "<? covid19?> Feeling Asian together: Coping With# COVIDRacism on subtle Asian traits". Social media + society, v. 6, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948223

Ahmed, Saifuddin; Jaidka, Kokil; Cho, Jaeho (2017). "Tweeting India´s Nirbhaya protest: a study of emotional dynamics in an online social movement". Social movement studies, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 447-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1192457

Almansa-Martí­nez, Ana; Quintana-Pujalte, Leticia; Castillo-Esparcia, Antonio (2023). "Social media and citizen mobilization: The case of NGOs in European Union". In: López-López, Paulo, C. et al. Smart innovation, systems and technologies, v. 318. Singapore: Springer, pp. 347-356. ISBN: 978 981 19 6346 9

Armstrong-Carter, Emma; Telzer, Eva H. (2021). "Advancing measurement and research on youths´ prosocial behavior in the digital age". Child development perspectives, v. 15, n. 1, pp. 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12396

Bakardjieva, Maria (2009). "Subactivism: Lifeworld and politics in the age of the internet". The information society, v. 25, n. 2, pp. 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240802701627

Bécares, Bárbara (2023). "Elon Musk apuesta por un Twitter de pago: quien no lo haga perderá mucha visibilidad en la red social". www.GenBeta.com, 29 marzo. https://www.genbeta.com/actualidad/nuevo-plan-elon-musk-que-twitter-gratis-sea-incluso-peor-no-pagas-no-podras-votar-perderas-visibilidad

Bennett, Colin J.; Lyon, David (2019). "Data-driven elections: implications and challenges for democratic societies". Internet policy review, v. 8, n. 4. https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1433

Bennett, W. Lance; Segerberg, Alexandra (2012). "The logic of connective action. Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics". Information, communication & society, v. 15, n. 5, pp. 739-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661

Bennett, W. Lance; Segerberg, Alexandra (2013). The logic of connective action. Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978 1 107025745

Berger, Jonah; Milkman, Katherine L. (2012). "What makes online content viral?". Journal of marketing research, v. 49, n. 2, pp. 192-205. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0353

Bishop, Sophie (2019). "Managing visibility on YouTube through algorithmic gossip". New media & society, v. 21, n. 11-12, pp. 2589-2606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819854731

Bonilla, Yarimar; Rosa, Jonathan (2015). "#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States". American ethnologist, v. 42, n. 1, pp. 4-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112

Boulianne, Shelley (2015). "Social media use and participation: a meta-analysis of current research". Information, communication & society, v. 18, n. 5, pp. 524-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542

Boulianne, Shelley (2019). "Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe". Information, communication & society, v. 22, n. 1, pp. 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1353641

Boulianne, Shelley (2020). "Twenty years of digital media effects on civic and political participation". Communication research, v. 47, n. 7, pp. 947-966. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218808186

Boulianne, Shelley; Theocharis, Yannis (2020). "Young people, digital media, and engagement: A meta-analysis of research". Social science computer review, v. 38, n. 2, pp. 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318814190

Boyd, Alicia; McEwan, Bree (2022). "Viral paradox: The intersection of "˜me too´ and #MeToo". New media & society, online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221099187

Brown, Yanni; Pini, Barbara; Pavlidis, Adele (2022). "Affective design and memetic qualities: Generating affect and political engagement through bushfire TikToks". Journal of sociology, online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833221110267

Bruns, Axel (2019). Are filter bubbles real?. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978 1 509536450

Bucher, Taina (2018). If... then: Algorithmic power and politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 190493059

Bustamante-Farí­as, í“scar (2019). "Teorí­a de la activación digital. Propuesta teórico-metodológica de las prácticas comunicativas de los movimientos sociales en red". Correspondencias & análisis, n. 10. https://doi.org/10.24265/cian.2019.n10.05

Butcher, Taina; Helmond, Anne (2018). "The affordances of social media platforms". In: Burgess, Jane; Marwick, Alice; Poell, Thomas (eds.). The SAGE handbook of social media. SAGE Publications, pp. 223-253. ISBN: 978 1 473995802

Cardon, Dominique (2018). Con qué sueñan los algoritmos. Nuestras vidas en el tiempo del big data. Dado. ISBN: 978 84 945072 8 1

Cardoso, Gustavo; Lapa, Tiago; Di-Fatima, Branco (2016). "People are the message? Social mobilization and social media in Brazil". International journal of communication, v. 10, n. 22, pp. 3909-3930. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3301

Caro-Castaño, Lucí­a (2015). "Construir y comunicar un "˜nosotras´ feminista desde los medios sociales. Una reflexión acerca del "˜feminismo del hashtag´". Commons. Revista de comunicación y ciudadaní­a digital, v. 4, n. 2 pp. 124-154. http://doi.org/10.25267/commons.2015.v4.i2.06

Castells, Manuel (2009). Comunicación y poder. Alianza Editorial. ISBN: 978 84 206 8499 4

Castells, Manuel (2015). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the internet age. Polity. ISBN: 978 0 745695761

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) (2021). Encuesta sobre tendencias sociales (I). Estudio n. 3343, noviembre.

Cervi, Laura; Divon, Tom (2023). "Playful activism: Memetic performances of Palestinian resistance in TikTok #Challenges". Social media + society, n. 9, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157607

Cervi, Laura; Marí­n-Lladó, Carles (2022). "Freepalestine on TikTok: from performative activism to (meaningful) playful activism". Journal of international and intercultural communication, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2022.2131883

Chae, Younggil; Lee, Sookjung; Kim, Yeolib (2019). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between Internet use and political participation: examining main and moderating effects". Asian journal of communication, v. 29, n. 1, pp. 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1499121

Chagas, Viktor; Carreiro, Rodrigo; Santos, Nina; Popolin, Guilherme (2022). "Far-right digital activism in polarized contexts: A comparative analysis of engagement in hashtag wars". Media and communication, v. 10, n. 4, pp. 42-55. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5622

Chan, Wilfred (2023). "Thousands fled to Mastodon after Musk bought Twitter. Are they still "˜tooting´?". www.TheGuardian.com, April 18. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/apr/18/mastodon-users-twitter-elon-musk-social-media

Christensen, Henrik-Serup (2011). "Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?". First Monday, v. 16, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i2.3336

Cotter, Kelley (2019). "Playing the visibility game: How digital influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram". New media & society, v. 21, n. 4, pp. 895-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818815684

Couldry, Nick; Hepp, Andreas (2017). The mediated construction of reality. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978 0 7456 8131 3

Denisova, Anastasia; O´Brien, Michaela (2019). "From high visibility to high vulnerability: Feminist, postcolonial and anti-gentrification activism at risk". Westminster papers in communication and culture, v. 14, n. 1, pp. 94-98. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.323

Diani, Mario (1992). "The concept of social movement". The sociological review, v. 40, v. 1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1992.tb02943.x

Diani, Mario (2000). "Social movement networks virtual and real". Information, communication & society, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 386-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180051033333

Dí­az-Pérez, Silvia; Soler-i-Martí­, Roger; Ferrer-Fons, Mariona (2021). "From the global myth to local mobilization: Creation and resonance of Greta Thunberg´s frame". Comunicar, n. 68, pp. 33-43. https://doi.org/10.3916/C68-2021-03

Dumitrica, Delia; Bakardjieva, Maria (2018). "The personalization of engagement: the symbolic construction of social media and grassroots mobilization in Canadian newspapers". Media, culture & society, v. 40, n. 6, pp. 817-837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734406

Dumitrica, Delia; Felt, Mylynn (2019). "Mediated grassroots collective action: negotiating barriers of digital activism". Information, communication & society, v. 23, n. 13, pp. 1821-1837. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1618891

Eriksson-Krutrí¶k, Moa; í…kerlund, Mathilda (2022). "Through a white lens: Black victimhood, visibility, and whiteness in the Black Lives Matter movement on TikTok". Information, communication & society. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2065211

Fileborn, Bianca; Loney-Howes, Rachel (2019). #MeToo and the politics of social change. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978 3 0301 5213 0

Fischer, Mia (2016). "#Free_CeCe: the material convergence of social media activism". Feminist media studies, v. 16, n. 5, pp. 755-771. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1140668

Foster, Mindi D.; Hennessey, Eden; Blankenship, Benjamin T.; Stewart, Abigail (2019). "Can "˜slacktivism´ work? Perceived power differences moderate the relationship between social media activism and collective action intentions through positive affect". Cyberpsychology: Journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, v. 13, n. 4, art. 6. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-4-6

Foster, Mindi D.; Tassone, Adrianna; Matheson, Kimberly (2021). "Tweeting about sexism motivates further activism: A social identity perspective". British journal of social psychology, v. 60, n. 3, pp. 741-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12431

Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (2020). "False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right". Science, v. 369, n. 6508, pp. 1197-1201. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2428

Fuchs, Christian; Trottier, Daniel (2017). "Internet surveillance after Snowden: A critical empirical study of computer experts´ attitudes on commercial and state surveillance of the Internet and social media post-Edward Snowden". Journal of information, communication and ethics in society, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 412-444. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-01-2016-0004

George, Jordana J.; Leidner, Dorothy E. (2019). "From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism". Information and organization, v. 29, n. 3, 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001

Gerbaudo, Paolo (2012). Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. ISBN: 978 0 7453 3248 2

Gerbaudo, Paolo (2017). "From cyber-autonomism to cyber-populism: An ideological history of digital activism". TripleC: Communication, capitalism & critique, v. 15, n. 2, pp. 477-489. http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/773/1012

Gjerald, Olga; Eslen-Ziya, Hande (2022). "From discontent to action: #quarantinehotel as not just a hashtag". Cogent social sciences, v. 8, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2051806

Gladwel, Malcom (2010). "Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted". The New Yorker, September 27. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell

Greijdanus, Hedy; De-Matos-Fernandes, Carlos A.; Turner-Zwinkels, Felicity; Honari, Ali; Roos, Carla A.; Rosenbusch, Hannes; Postmes, Tom (2020). "The psychology of online activism and social movements: Relations between online and offline collective action". Current opinion in psychology, n. 35, pp. 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.003

Guillory, Jamie E.; Sundar, Shyam S. (2014). "How does web site interactivity affect our perceptions of an organization?". Journal of public relations research, v. 26, n. 1, pp. 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.795866

Gutiérrez, Miren (2018). Data activism and social change. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978 3 319 78318 5

Gutiérrez, Miren (2022). "Democratic practice in the era of platforms: From clicktivism to open-source intelligence". In: Gómez-Gutiérrez, Juan-José; Abdelnour-Nocera, José; Anchústegui-Igartua, Esteban (eds.). Democratic institutions and practices: A debate on governments, parties, theories and movements in today´s world. Springer International Publishing, pp. 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10808-2_13

Halupka, Max (2018). "The legitimisation of clicktivism". Australian journal of political science, v. 53, n. 1, pp. 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586

Hautea, Samantha; Parks, Perry; Takahashi, Bruno; Zeng, Jing (2021). "Showing they care (or don´t): Affective publics and ambivalent climate activism on TikTok". Social media + society, v.7, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211012344

Helmond, Anne (2015). "The platformization of the web: Making web data platform ready". Social media+ society, v. 1, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115603080

Herrmann, Christoph; Rhein, Sebastian; Dorsch, Isabelle (2022). "#fridaysforfuture-What does Instagram tell us about a social movement?". Journal of information science, online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551521106362

Highfield, Tim (2016). Social media and everyday politics. Polity. ISBN: 978 0 7456 9134 3

Hockin-Boyers, Hester; Clifford-Astbury, Chloe (2021). "The politics of# diversifyyourfeed in the context of Black Lives Matter". Feminist media studies, v. 21, v. 3, pp. 504-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1925727

Holt, Douglas (2004). How brands become icons: The principles of cultural branding. Harvard Business Press. ISBN: 1 57851 774 5

Holt, Douglas (2016). "Branding in the age of social media". Harvard business review, v. 94, n. 3, pp. 40-50. https://hbr.org/2016/03/branding-in-the-age-of-social-media

Hutchinson, Jonathon (2021). "Micro-platformization for digital activism on social media". Information, communication & society, v. 24, n. 1, pp. 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1629612

Ince, Jelani; Rojas, Fabio; Davis, Clayton A. (2017). "The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use". Ethnic and racial studies, v. 40, n. 11, pp. 1814-1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931

Ingenhoff, Diana; Koelling, A. Martina (2009). "The potential of web sites as a relationship building tool for charitable fundraising NPOs". Public relations review, v. 35, n. 1, pp. 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.09.023

Jaramillo-Dent, Daniela (2022). "Algorithmic (in)visibility tactics among immigrant tiktokers". Mediální­ studia, v. 16, n. 2, pp. 215-235.

Jaramillo-Dent, Daniela; Contreras-Pulido, Paloma; Pérez-Rodrí­guez, Amor (2022). "Immigrant influencers on TikTok: Diverse microcelebrity profiles and algorithmic (in)visibility". Media and communication, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 208-221. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i1.4743

Jenkins, Henry; Billard, Thomas J.; Close, Samantha; Elsayed, Yomna; Forelle, Michelle C.; López, Rogelio; Yang, Emilia (2017). "Participatory politics". In: Navas, Eduardo; Gallagher, Owen; Burrough, Xtine (eds.). Keywords in remix studies. Routledge, pp. 230-245. ISBN: 978 1 315516417

Karatzogianni, Athina (2015). Firebrand waves of digital activism 1994-2014: The rise and spread of hacktivism and cyberconflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978 0 230 24246 3

Kaun, Anne; Treré, Emiliano (2020). "Repression, resistance and lifestyle: charting (dis)connection and activism in times of accelerated capitalism". Social movement studies, v. 19, n. 5-6, pp. 697-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1555752

Kaun, Anne; Uldam, Julie (2018). "Digital activism: After the hype". New media & society, v. 20, n. 6, pp. 2099-2106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817731924

Kent, Michael L.; Taylor, Maureen (1998). "Building dialogic relationships through the World Wide Web". Public relations review, v. 24, n. 3, pp. 321-334.

Kim, Bumsoo; Hoewe, Jennifer (2020). "Developing contemporary factors of political participation". The social science journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1782641

Lane, Daniel S.; Kim, Dam H.; Lee, Slgi S.; Weeks, Brian E.; Kwak, Nohin (2017). "From online disagreement to offline action: How diverse motivations for using social media can increase political information sharing and catalyze offline political participation". Social media + society, v. 3, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117716274

Larrondo, Ainara; Morales-i-Gras, Jordi; Orbegozo-Terradillos, Julen (2019). "Feminist hashtag activism in Spain: Measuring the degree of politicisation of online discourse on #YoSí­TeCreo, #HermanaYoSí­TeCreo, #Cuéntalo y #NoEstásSola. Comunication & society, v. 32, v. 4, pp. 207-221. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.34734

Leiner, Dominik J.; Quiring, Oliver (2008). "What interactivity means to the user essential insights into and a scale for perceived interactivity". Journal of computer-mediated communication, v. 14, n. 1, pp. 127-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01434.x

Leong, Carmen; Faik, Isam; Tan, Felix T.; Tan, Barney; Khoo, Ying-Hooi (2021). "Digital organizing of a global social movement: From connective to collective action". Information and organization, v. 30, n. 4, 100324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100324

Leong, Carmen; Pan, Shan L.; Bahri, Shamshul; Fauzi, Ali (2018). "Social media empowerment in social movements: power activation and power accrual in digital activism". European journal of information systems, v. 28, n. 2, pp. 173-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1512944

Li, Yevgeniya; Bernard, Jean G.; Luczak-Roesch, Markus (2021). "Beyond clicktivism: What makes digitally native activism effective? An exploration of the sleeping giants movement". Social media+ society, v. 7, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211035357

Liao, Sara (2019). "´# IAmGay# What about you?´: Storytelling, discursive politics, and the affective dimension of social media activism against censorship in China". International journal of communication, v. 13, n. 21, pp. 2314-2333. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10376/2658

Liao, Sara; Luqiu, Luwei R. (2022). "#MeToo in China: The dynamic of digital activism against sexual assault and harassment in higher education". Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, v. 47, n. 3, pp. 741-764. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/717712

Manfredi-Sánchez, Juan-Luis (2019). "Brand activism". Communication & society, v. 32, n. 4, pp. 343-359. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.37294

McAllister-Spooner, Sheila M. (2009). "Fulfilling the dialogic promise: A ten-year reflective survey on dialogic Internet principles". Public relations review, v. 35, n. 3, pp. 320-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.03.008

Milan, Stefania; Gutiérrez, Miren (2015). "Medios ciudadanos y big data: La emergencia del activismo de datos". Mediaciones, v. 11, n. 14, pp. 10-26.

Milan, Stefania; Van-der-Velden, Lonneke (2016). "The alternative epistemologies of data activism". Digital culture & society, v. 2, n. 2, pp. 57-74. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2016-0205

Miller, Vincent (2017). "Phatic culture and the status quo: reconsidering the purpose of social media activism". Convergence, v. 23, n. 3, pp. 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856515592512

Miyazaki, Shintaro (2019). "Take back the algorithms! A media theory of commonistic affordance". Media theory, v. 3, n. 1, pp. 269-286. https://hal.science/hal-02470429

Morozov, Evgeny (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Allen Lane. ISBN: 978 1 846143533

Mundt, Marcia; Ross, Karen; Burnett, Charla M. (2018). "Scaling social movements through social media: The case of Black Lives Matter". Social media + society, v. 4, n. 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911

Nacher, Anna (2021). "#BlackProtest from the web to the streets and back: Feminist digital activism in Poland and narrative potential of the hashtag". European journal of women´s studies, v. 28, n. 2, pp. 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506820976900

Neumayer, Christina; Rossi, Luca (2016). "15 years of protest and media technologies scholarship: A sociotechnical timeline". Social media+ society, v. 2, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116662180

Newman, Nic; Fletcher, Richard; Robertson, Craig T.; Eddy, Kirsten; Nielsen, Rasmus-Kleis (2022). Reuters Institute digital news report 2022. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022

Olivares-Garcí­a, Francisco-José; Méndez-Majuelos, Inés (2020). "Análisis de las principales tendencias aparecidas en TikTok durante el periodo de cuarentena por la COVID-19". Revista española de comunicación en salud, Extra 1, pp. 243-252. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2020.5422

í–zkula, Suay-Melissa (2021a). "What is digital activism anyway? Social constructions of the "˜digital´ in contemporary activism". Journal of digital social research, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 60-84. https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v3i3.44

í–zkula, Suay-Melissa (2021b). "The problem of history in digital activism: Ideological narratives in digital activism literature". First Monday, v. 26, n. 8. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i8.10597

í–zkula, Suay-Melissa (2021c). "The unmaking of collective action: changing organizing logics in civil society organizations through social media activism culture". International journal of communication, v. 15, n. 19, pp. 1984-2002. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15930/3425

Papacharissi, Zizi (2016). "Affective publics and structures of storytelling: sentiment, events and mediality". Information, communication & society, v.19, n. 3, pp. 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2015.1109697

Papacharissi, Zizi; Oliveira, Maria-de-Fatima (2012). "Affective news and networked publics: The rhythms of news storytelling on #Egypt". Journal of communication, v. 62, n. 2, pp. 66-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x

Pariser, Eli (2011). The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. Penguin. ISBN: 978 1 594 20300 8

Pecourt-Gracia, Juan (2015). "La esfera pública digital y el activismo polí­tico", Polí­tica y sociedad, v. 52, n. 1, pp. 75-98.

Pinazo-Calatayud, Daniel; Nos-Aldás, Eloí­sa; Agut-Nieto, Sonia (2020). "Comunicar en positivo o negativo en el activismo social". Comunicar, n. 62, pp. 69-78. https://doi.org/10.3916/C62-2020-06

Pleyers, Geoffrey (2018). Movimientos sociales en el siglo XXI. Perspectivas y herramientas analí­ticas. Clacso. ISBN: 978 987 722 373 6

Poell, Thomas; Nieborg, David; Van-Dijck, José (2019). "Platformisation". Internet policy review, v. 8, n. 4. https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425

Poell, Thomas; Van-Dijck, José (2015). "Social media and activist communication". In: Atton, Chris (ed.). The Routledge companion to alternative and community media. Routledge, pp. 527-537. ISBN: 978 1 1383 9183 3

Prada, Marí­a J. (2022). "La pandemia dispara el activismo en Internet", Elpais.com, 20 septiembre. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-09-20/la-pandemia-dispara-el-activismo-en-internet.html

Quan-Haase, Anabel; Mendes, Kaitlynn; Ho, Dennis; Lake, Olivia; Nau, Charlotte; Pieber, Darryl (2021). "Mapping# MeToo: A synthesis review of digital feminist research across social media platforms". New media & society, v. 23, n. 6, pp. 1700-1720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820984457

Rendueles, César (2013). Sociofobia: el cambio polí­tico en la era de la utopí­a digital. Capitán Swing. ISBN: 978 84 941690 0 7

Rendueles, César; Sádaba, Igor (2019). "Digitalización y cambio social. De las expectativas apocalí­pticas a la tecnopolí­tica del presente". Cuadernos de relaciones laborales, v. 37, n. 2, pp. 331-349. https://doi.org/10.5209/crla.66041

Riedl, Magdalena; Schwemmer, Carsten; Ziewiecki, Sandra; Ross, Lisa M. (2021). "The rise of political influencers - perspectives on a trend towards meaningful content". Frontiers in communication, n. 247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.752656

Rodrí­guez-Suárez, Julio; Morán-Neches, Lorena; Herrero-Olaizola, Juan B. (2021). "Online research, new languages and symbolism of digital activism: A systematic review". Comunicar, n. 68, pp. 47-58. https://doi.org/10.3916/C68-2021-04

Ruess, Christina; Hoffmann, Christian-Pieter; Boulianne, Shelley; Heger, Katharina (2021). "Online political participation: the evolution of a concept". Information, communication & society. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013919

Sánchez-de-la-Vega-González, Fania (2021). "Las nuevas TICs como herramientas tecnopolí­ticas para el activismo digital: el caso del movimiento unDocuyouth". In: Sierra, Francisco; Leetoy, Salvador; Gravante, Tommaso (coords.). Democracia inconclusa: Movimientos sociales, esfera, pública y redes digitales. Universidad Autónoma de México, pp. 179-200. ISBN: 978 607 30 4517 9

Sánchez-Duarte, José-Manuel; Fernández-Romero, Diana (2017). "Subactivismo feminista y repertorios de acción colectiva digitales: prácticas ciberfeministas en Twitter". Profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 5, pp. 894-902. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.sep.11

Sarkar, Christian; Kotler, Philip (2018). Brand activism: From purpose to action. Idea Bite Press. ISBN: 978 0 990576792

Schradie, Jen (2019). The revolution that wasn´t: How digital activism favors conservatives. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 978 0 6742 4044 5

Slavina, Anna; Brym, Robert (2020). "Demonstrating in the internet age: a test of Castells´ theory". Social movement studies, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2019.1627866

Sued, Gabriela-Elisa; Castillo-González, Marí­a-Concepción; Pedraza, Claudia; Flores-Márquez, Dorismilda; Álamo, Sofí­a; Ortiz, Marí­a; Lugo, Nohemí­; Arroyo, Rosa-Elba (2021). "Vernacular visibility and algorithmic resistance in the public expression of Latin American feminism". Media international Australia, v. 183, n. 1, pp. 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x211067571

Sued, Gabriela-Elisa; Lugo, Nohemí­ (2022). "Innovación metodológica para el estudio de la plataformización". Virtualis, v. 13, n. 24. https://doi.org/10.46530/virtualis.v13i24.407

Sunstein, Cass R. (2009). Going to extremes: How like minds unite and divide. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 19 537801 6

Teorell, Jan; Torcal, Mariano (2007). "Political participation: Mapping the terrain". In: Van-Deth, Jan W.; Montero, José-Ramón; Westholm, Anders (eds). Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative analysis. Routledge, pp. 334-357. ISBN: 978 0 4154 7960 8

Theocharis, Yannis; Boulianne, Shelley; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Bimber, Bruce (2023). "Platform affordances and political participation: how social media reshape political engagement". West European politics, v. 46, n. 4, pp. 788-811. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2087410

Theocharis, Yannis; De-Moor, Joost; Van-Deth, Jan W. (2021). "Digitally networked participation and lifestyle politics as new modes of political participation". Policy & internet, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 30-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.231

Toret-Medina, Javier; Calleja-López, Antonio; Marí­n-Miró, í“scar; Aragón, Pablo; Aguilera, Miguel; Lumbreras, Alberto (2015). Tecnopolí­tica: La potencia de las multitudes conectadas. Editorial UOC. ISBN: 978 84 90644584

Treré, Emiliano; Candón-Mena, José; Sola-Morales, Salomé (2021). "Imaginarios activistas sobre Internet: Del mito tecno-utópico al desencanto digital". CIC. Cuadernos de información y comunicación, n. 26, pp. 33-53. https://doi.org/10.5209/ciyc.76147

Uwalaka, Temple (2020). "Clicktivism and political engagement in Nigeria". The Nigerian journal of communication, v. 17, n. 1. http://tnjc.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/Vol17N1Full/Clicktivism-and-Political-Engagement-in-Nigeria.pdf

Vaccari, Cristian; Valeriani, Augusto (2021). Outside the bubble: Social media and political participation in Western democracies. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 1908 585 06

Van-Dijck, José (2017). "In data we trust? The implications of datafication for social monitoring". Matrizes, v. 11, n. 1, pp. 39-59. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v11i1p39-59

Van-Dijck, José; Lin, Jian (2022). "Deplatformization, platform governance and global geopolitics: Interview with José van Dijck". Communication and the public, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/20570473221102199

Van-Dijck, José; Poell, Thomas (2014). "Understanding social media logic". Media and communication, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 2-14. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v1i1.70

Van-Dijck, José; Poell, Thomas; De-Waal, Martijn (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 190889777

Vickery, Jacqueline-Ryan; Everbach, Tracy (2018). Mediating misogyny: Gender, technology, and harassment. ISBN: 978 3 319 72917 6

Vihma, Peeter (2016). "Internet, activism and politics. The repertoires and rhetoric of Estonian internet activists". Studies of transition states and societies, v. 8, n. 2, pp. 64-80. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=426601

Vijay, Darsana; Gekker, Alex (2021). "Playing politics: How Sabarimala played out on TikTok". American behavioral scientist, v. 65, n. 5, pp. 712-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221989769

Vredenburg, Jessica; Kapitan, Sommer; Spry, Amanda; Kemper, Joya A. (2020). "Brands taking a stand: Authentic brand activism or woke washing?". Journal of public policy & marketing, v. 39, n. 4, pp. 444-460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620947359

Weimann, Gabriel; Masri, Natalie (2020). "Research note: Spreading hate on TikTok". Studies in conflict & terrorism, v. 46, n. 5, pp. 752-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780027

Wiener-Bronner, Danielle (2023). "Anheuser-Busch facilities face threats after Bud Light backlash", www.CNN.com. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/20/business/bud-light-threats/index.html

Wilkins, Denise J.; Livingstone, Andrew G.; Levine, Mark (2019). "All click, no action? Online action, efficacy perceptions, and prior experience combine to affect future collective action". Computers in human behavior, n. 91, pp. 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.007

Workman, Michael D. (2021). "Antecedents of social media activism: an analytical study of a controversial topic". Behaviour & information technology, v. 40, n. 3, pp. 300-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1687755

Yang, Guobin (2016). "Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of# BlackLivesMatter". Media and communication, v. 4, n. 4, pp. 13-17. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i4.692

Zafra, Remedios (2010). Un cuarto propio conectado. (Ciber)espacio y (auto)gestión del y (auto)gestión del yo. Fórcola Ediciones. ISBN: 978 84 15174 01 1

Zajc, Melita (2015). "Social media, prosumption, and dispositives: New mechanisms of the construction of subjectivity". Journal of consumer culture, v. 15, n. 1, pp. 28-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540513493201

Zhao, Xinyu; Abidin, Crystal (2023). "The "Fox Eye" challenge trend: Anti-racism work, platform affordances, and the vernacular of gesticular activism on TikTok". Social media + society, v. 9, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157590

Zulli, Diana; Zulli, David-James (2020). "Extending the Internet meme: Conceptualizing technological mimesis and imitation publics on the TikTok platform". New media & society. v. 24, n. 8, pp. 1872-1890. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820983603

Published

2023-05-09

How to Cite

Castillo-Esparcia, A., Caro-Castaño, L., & Almansa-Martí­nez, A. (2023). Evolution of digital activism on social media: opportunities and challenges. Profesional De La información, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.03