Research on selective media exposure in Spain: a critical review of its findings, application phases, and blind spots

Authors

  • Lidia Valera-Ordaz Universitat de València

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.07

Keywords:

Literature review, Selective exposure, Cross-cutting exposure, Selective avoidance, Media consumption, Political information, Television, Radio, Press, Internet, Social media

Abstract

This paper is the first review of selective exposure studies in Spain, offering comprehensive insights into the diverse findings and analytical strategies employed over almost three decades by studies that explore the politically oriented media consumption of Spanish audiences. The article divides the evolution of this research line in Spain into two main phases -an initial phase (1995-2016) and a consolidation phase (2017-present)- according to the methodological approaches used during each period. Despite the challenges posed by working with secondary data and the lack of experimental designs, we note a robust initiation of this research line in Spain, accompanied by increasing methodological sophistication and diversification and a substantial accumulation of evidence on how Spanish audiences selectively consume like-minded news media. The paper also identifies the blind spots of selective exposure research in Spain, such as the scarcity of primary data sources, which overlooks phenomena such as online selective exposure and selective avoidance, the need to supplement multivariate analyses with other techniques that allow the direction of causal influence between variables to be established, and the significance of assessing the role of public media as facilitators or inhibitors of cross-cutting exposure.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alcalde-Villacampa, Javier (2003). "Medios de comunicación como intermediarios del voto: la influencia de TVE1 y Antena 3 en las elecciones legislativas de 1993". Revista española de investigaciones sociológicas, v. 104, n. 3, pp. 145-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/40184572

Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto (2015). "Framing o teorí­a del encuadre en comunicación: Orí­genes, desarrollo y panorama actual en España". Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 70, pp. 423-450. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1053

Arias-Maldonado, Manuel (2016). La democracia sentimental: Polí­tica y emociones en el siglo XXI. Barcelona: Página Indómita. ISBN: 978 84 94481659

Arriaza-Ibarra, Karen (2013). "The situation of national and regional public television in Spain". Nordicom review, v. 34, n. 1, pp. 145-156. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0048

Azurmendi, Ana; Muñoz-Saldaña, Mercedes; Ortega-Mohedano, Félix (2018). "Civic participation and independence from political power: two requirements of public service broadcasters in Spain". Communication & society, v. 31, n. 3, pp. 111-140. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.111-138

Barnidge, Matthew; Peacock, Cynthia (2019). "A third wave of selective exposure research? The challenges posed by hyperpartisan news on social media". Media and communication, v. 7, n. 3, pp. 4-7. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2257

Bos, Linda; Kruikemeier, Sanne; De-Vreese, Claes (2016). "Nation binding: how public service broadcasting mitigates political selective exposure". PloS one, v. 11, n. 5, e0155112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155112

Brí¼ggemann, Michael; Engesser, Sven; Bí¼chel, Florin; Humprecht, Edda; Castro, Laia (2014). "Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems". Journal of communication, v. 64, n. 6, pp. 1037-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.2014.64.issue-6

Bryant, Jennnings; Miron, Dorina (2004). "Theory and research in mass communication". Journal of communication, v. 54, n. 4, pp. 662-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02650.x

Camaj, Lindita (2019). "From selective exposure to selective information processing: A motivated reasoning approach. Media and communication, v. 7, n. 3, pp. 8-11. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2289

Canel, Marí­a-José (1998). "Los efectos de las campañas electorales". Communication & society, v. 11, n. 1, pp. 47-67. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.11.36422

Cantijoch, Marta; Jorba, Laia; San-Martin, Josep (2008). "Exposure to political information in new and old media: Which impact on political participation?". In: Annual meeting of the American political science association, pp. 28-31.

Cardenal, Ana S.; Aguilar-Paredes, Carlos; Cristancho, Camilo; Majó-Vázquez, Silvia (2019a). "Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain". European journal of communication, v. 34, n. 4, pp. 360-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409

Cardenal, Ana S.; Aguilar-Paredes, Carlos; Galais, Carol; Pérez-Montoro, Mario (2019b). "Digital technologies and selective exposure: How choice and filter bubbles shape news media exposure". The international journal of press/politics, v. 24, n. 4, pp. 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219862988

Castro-Herrero, Laia; Nir, Lilach; Skovsgaard, Morten (2018). "Bridging gaps in cross-cutting media exposure: The role of public service broadcasting". Political communication, v. 35, n. 4, pp. 542-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1476424

Chadwick, Andrew (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0190696733 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001

Clay, Russ; Barber, Jessica M.; Shook, Natalie J. (2013). "Techniques for measuring selective exposure: A critical review". Communication methods and measures, v. 7, n. 3-4, pp. 147-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2013.813925

Cooper, Eunice; Jahoda, Marie (1947). "The evasion of propaganda: How prejudiced people respond to anti-prejudice propaganda". The Journal of psychology: Interdisciplinary and applied, v. 23, n. 1, pp.15-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1947.9917316

D´Alessio, Dave; Allen, Mike (2002). "Selective exposure and dissonance after decisions". Psychological reports v. 91, n. 2, pp. 527-532. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.527

Dader, José-Luis (1983). Periodismo y pseudocomunicación polí­tica. Pamplona. Eunsa. ISBN: 978 84 31307974

Dahlgren, Peter M. (2019). "Selective exposure to public service news over thirty years: The role of ideological leaning, party support, and political interest". The international journal of press/politics, v. 24, n. 3, pp. 293-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219836223

Dí­ez-Nicolás, Juan; Semetko, Holli A. (1995). "La televisión y las elecciones de 1993". En: Muñoz-Alonso, Alejandro; Rospir, Juan-Ignacio. Comunicación polí­tica. Madrid: Universitas, pp. 243-304. ISBN: 978 84 79910396 https://juandieznicolas.es/phocadownload/1._ARTICULOS/art._1995-03_La_Television_y_las_Elecciones_de_1993.pdf

Dí­ez-Nicolás, Juan; Semetko, Holli A. (1999). "Los programas de noticias de televisión y las campañas electorales de 1993 y 1996: propiedad, contenido e influencia". En: Muñoz-Alonso, Alejandro; Rospir, Juan-Ignacio. Democracia mediática y campañas electorales. Barcelona: Ariel, pp. 151-199. ISBN: 978 84 34412774

Donsbach, Wolfgang (1991). "Exposure to political content in newspapers: The impact of cognitive dissonance on reader´s selectivity". European journal of communication, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 155-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323191006002003

Doval-Avendaño, Montserrat; Badí­a-Lago, Blanca (2009). "Exposición selectiva de noticias en Internet: servicios personalizados y sitios de promoción de noticias". En: Pérez-Herrero, Pilar; Rivas-Nieto, Pedro; Gelado-Marcos, Roberto. Estudios de periodí­stica XIV. Periodismo ciudadano: posibilidades y riesgos para el discurso informativo. Salamanca: Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, pp. 281-286. ISBN: 978 84 72998421

Feldman, Lauren; Stroud, Natalie-Jomini; Bimber, Bruce; Wojcieszak, Magdalena (2013). "Assessing selective exposure in experiments: The implications of different methodological choices". Communication methods and measures, v. 7, n. 3-4, pp. 172-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2013.813923

Fernández-Quijada, David; Masip, Pere (2013). "Three decades of spanish communication research: Towards legal age. [Tres décadas de investigación española en comunicación: hacia la mayorí­a de edad]". Comunicar, v. 41, n. 2, pp. 15-34. https://doi.org/10.3916/C41-2013-01

Festinger, Leon (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press. ISBN: 978 1503620766 https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766

Fischer, Peter; Schulz-Hardt, Stefan; Frey, Dieter (2008). "Selective exposure and information quantity: How different information quantities moderate decision makers´ preference for consistent and inconsistent information". Journal of personality and social psychology, v. 94, n. 2, pp. 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.94.2.231

Fletcher, Richard; Nielsen, Rasmus-Kleis (2018). "Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis". New media & society, v. 20, n. 7, pp. 2450-2468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724170

Fraile, Marta; Meilán, Xabier (2012). "Los medios de comunicación y la información polí­tica en las elecciones europeas de 2009". En: Font, Joan; Torcal, Mariano. Las elecciones europeas de 2009. Madrid: CIS, pp. 109-138. ISBN: 978 84 74765946

Garrett, R. Kelly (2009). "Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate". Journal of communication, v. 59, n. 4, pp. 676-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x

Garrett, R. Kelly (2013). "Selective exposure: New methods and new directions". Communication methods and measures, v. 7, n. 3-4, pp. 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2013.835796

Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2011). "Ideological segregation online and offline". Quarterly journal of economics, v. 126, n. 4, pp. 1799-1839. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15916

Guimerà, Josep-í€ngel (2014). Les polí­tiques de mitjans de comunicació durant els governs de Jordi Pujol. Premsa, ràdio i televisió en el procés de construcció nacional de Catalunya. Barcelona: Proa. ISBN: 978 84 75884974

Guimerà, Josep-í€ngel (2018). "El papel de la comunicación en la construcción nacional de Cataluña: Jordi Pujol y la instrumentalización polí­tica de los medios (1968-1989)". Historia y polí­tica, n. 40, pp. 363-387. https://doi.org/10.18042/hp.40.13

Gunther, Richard; Montero, José-Ramón; Wert, José-Ignacio (2000): "The media and politics in Spain: From dictatorship to democracy". En: Gunther, Richard; Mughan, Anthony. Democracy and the media: A comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 28-84. ISBN: 978 0521777438 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175289.002

Hallin, Daniel C.; Mancini, Paolo (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978 0 521543088 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867

Hart, William; Albarrací­n, Dolores; Eagly, Alice H.; Brechan, Inge; Lindberg, Matthew J.; Merrill, Lisa (2009). "Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information". Psychological bulletin, v. 135, n. 4, pp. 555-588. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015701

Hierro-Hernández, Marí­a-José (2012). Changes in national identification: the case of Catalonia. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/10285/52319_Hierro_Maria_Jose.pdf?sequence=1

Holtz-Bacha, Cristina (2015). "The role of public service media in nation-building". En: Arriaza-Ibarra, Karen; Nowak, Eva; Kuhn, Raymond. Public service media in Europe: A comparative approach. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 27-40. ISBN: 978 1 138020689

Huddy, Leoni (2013). "From group identity to political cohesion and commitment". En: Huddy, Leoni; Sears, David O.; Levy, Jack S. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of political psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 737-773. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0023

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa (2014). "Exposición selectiva y partidismo de las audiencias en España. El consumo de información polí­tica durante las campañas electorales de 2008 y 2011". Palabra clave, v. 17, n. 3, pp. 773-802. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.9

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa (2016). "Exposición selectiva, partidismo y polarización de las audiencias de los medios en España". En: Casero-Ripollés, Andreu. Periodismo y democracia en el entorno digital. Madrid: SEP, pp. 37-52. ISBN: 978 84 60669456 https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6411744

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa (2019). "Selective exposure in a changing political and media environment". Media and communication, v. 7, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2351

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa; Martí­nez-Nicolás, Manuel; Saperas-Lapiedra, Enric (2013). "Political journalism in Spain. Practices, roles and attitudes". Estudios sobre el mensaje periodí­stico, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 715-731. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43467

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa; Mellado, Claudia (2017). "Modelos explicativos de la exposición selectiva a la información polí­tica y partidismo de las audiencias en España". En: IAMCR Conference Transforming culture, politics & communication: New media, new territories, new discourses. Cartagena de Indias.

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa; Roses, Sergio (2018). "Journalistic role performance in the Spanish national press". International journal of communication, v. 12, pp. 1032-1053. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8109

Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa; Valera-Ordaz, Lidia (2023). "Partisanship, ideology, and selective exposure: A longitudinal analysis of media consumption in Spain (2008-2019)". Media and communication, v. 11, n. 2, pp. 113-126. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6280

Iyengar, Shanto; Hahn, Kyu S. (2009). "Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use". Journal of communication, v. 59, n. 1, pp. 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x

Jones, Daniel E. (2007). "Pujol y la construcción de un espacio catalán de comunicación: interacciones entre instituciones polí­ticas y empresas mediáticas (1980-2003)". Revista ámbitos, v. 16, pp. 499-524. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/168/16801627.pdf

Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978 0 521284141 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809477

Klapper, Joseph T. (1960). The effects of mass communications. Glencoe: The Free Press. ISBN: 978 0 029173800

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia (2012). "Selective exposure and reinforcement of attitudes and partisanship before a presidential election". Journal of communication, v. 62, n. 4, pp. 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01651.x

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia (2015a). Choice and preference in media use. Advances in selective exposure theory and research. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN: 978 0 805855159 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315771359

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia (2015b). "The selective exposure self- and affect-management (SESAM) model: Applications in the realms of race, politics, and health". Communication research, v. 42, n. 7, pp. 959-985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214539173

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia; Hastall, Matthias; Zillmann, Dolf; Callison, Coy (2003). "Imagery effects on the selective reading of internet newsmagazines". Communication research, v. 30, n. 1, pp. 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202239023

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia; Kleinman, Steven B. (2012). "Pre-election selective exposure: Confirmation bias versus informational utility". Communication research, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 170-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211400597

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia; Meng, Jingbo (2011). "Reinforcement of the political self through selective exposure to political messages". Journal of communication, v. 61, n. 2, pp. 349-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01543.x

Kruglanski, Arie W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational Bases. New York: Springer. ISBN: 978 0306430787 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0924-4

Ksiazek, Thomas B.; Malthouse, Eduard C.; Webster, James G. (2010). "News-seekers and avoiders: Exploring patterns of total news consumption across media and the relationship to civic participation". Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, v. 54, n. 4, pp. 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2010.519808

Kunda, Ziva (1990). "The case for motivated reasoning". Psychological bulletin, v. 108, n. 3, pp. 480-498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480

Lacasa-Mas, Iván; Jandura, Olaf; Cano-Castells, Francesc (2014). "Exposición fragmentada a la información periodí­stica, polarización polí­tica y democracia representativa: el caso de los diputados del Parlamento catalán y su uso de los medios informativos". Estudios sobre el mensaje periodí­stico, v. 20, n. 1, pp. 431-450. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2014.v20.n1.45241

Lazarsfeld, Paul F.; Berelson, Bernard; Gaudet, Hazel (1948). The people´s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign (2nd edition). New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. ISBN: 978 0 231197953

Levendusky, Matthew (2013). "Partisan media exposure and attitudes towards the opposition". Political communication, v. 30, n. 4, pp. 565-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737435

Martí­n-Llaguno, Marta; Berganza-Conde, M. Rosa (2001). "Votantes y medios de comunicación en las elecciones nacionales españolas de 1996: ¿Exposición selectiva o influencia mediática?". Communication & society, v. 14, n. 1, pp. 51-70. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.14.36382

Martí­nez-Amat, Marc (2020). "One country, two media systems: The evolution of the media audience in Catalonia in the context of the independence debate". Comunicació: revista de recerca i d´anàlisi, v. 37, n. 1, pp. 53-73. https://doi.org/10.2436/20.3008.01.190

Masip, Pere; Suau, Jaume; Ruiz-Caballero, Carlos (2018). "Questioning the selective exposure to news: Understanding the impact of social networks on political news consumption. American behavioral scientist, v. 62, n. 3, pp. 300-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217708586

Masip, Pere; Suau, Jaume; Ruiz-Caballero, Carlos (2020a). "Incidental exposure to non-like-minded news through social media: Opposing voices in echo-chambers´ news feeds". Media and communication, v. 8, n. 4, pp. 53-62. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i4.3146

Masip, Pere; Suau, Jaume; Ruiz-Caballero, Carlos (2020b). "Percepciones sobre medios de comunicación y desinformación: ideologí­a y polarización en el sistema mediático español". Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 5, e290527. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.27

Matthes, Jí¶rg; Schmuck, Desirée (2017). "The effects of anti-immigrant right-wing populist ads on implicit and explicit attitudes: A moderated mediation model". Communication research, v. 44, n. 4, pp. 556-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215577859

Meilán, Xabier (2010). Causas y consecuencias del consumo de información polí­tica en España (2000-2009). Madrid: CIS. ISBN: 978 84 74765212

Mills, John; Aronson, Elliot; Robinson, Harold (1959). "Selectivity in exposure to information". Journal of abnormal and social psychology, v. 59, n. 2, pp. 250-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042162

Moreno-Moreno, Elsa; Sanjurjo-San-Martí­n, Elena-Luisa (2020). "Consumo selectivo de las marcas periodí­sticas en España: confianza, orientación polí­tica y grado de consumo digital". Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 5, e270524. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.24

Muñoz-López, Blanca (1993). "El Estado actual de la sociologí­a de la cultura y de la comunicación de masas en los Estados Unidos". Ensayos: revista de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete, n. 8, pp. 95-109. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2282505

Mutz, Diana C. (2002). "The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation". American journal of political science, v. 46, n. 4, pp. 838-855. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088437

Mutz, Diana C.; Young, Lori (2011). "Communication and public opinion: Plus í§a change?". Public opinion quarterly, v. 75, n. 5, pp. 1018-1044. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr052

Nelson, Jacob L.; Webster, James G. (2017). "The myth of partisan selective exposure: A portrait of the online political news audience". Social media + society, v. 3, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117729314

Postman, Leo; Bruner, Jerome S.; McGinnies, Elliott (1948). "Personal values as selective factors in perception". Journal of abnormal and social psychology, v. 43, n. 2, pp. 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059765

Precht, Richard-David (2010). Die kunst kein egoist zu sein: Warum wir gerne gut sein wollen und was uns davon abhí¤lt. Mí¼nchen: Goldmann Verlag. ISBN: 978 3 442156313

Ramí­rez-Dueñas, José-Marí­a; Vinuesa-Tejero, Marí­a-Lourdes (2020). "Exposición selectiva y sus efectos en el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos: la influencia del consumo mediático en el voto en las elecciones generales españolas de 2015 y 2016". Palabra clave, v. 23, n. 4, e2346. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2020.23.4.6

Ramí­rez-Dueñas, José-Marí­a; Vinuesa-Tejero, Marí­a-Lourdes (2021). "How does selective exposure affect partisan polarization? Media consumption on electoral campaigns". Journal of international communication, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 258-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2021.1899957

Requena-Mora, Marina (coord.); Conde-Gutiérrez-del-Álamo, Fernando; Alonso-Benito, Luis-Enrique; Rodrí­guez-Victoriano, José-Manuel; Callejo-Gallego, Manuel-Javier; Martí­n-Criado, Enrique; Martí­nez-Sanz, Paula; Serrano-Pascual, Araceli; Betancor-Núñez, Gomer; Barbeta-Viñas, Marc; Prieto-Serrano, David; Pereda-Olarte, Carlos; De-Prada-Junquera, Miguel-Ángel (2016). "Un grupo sobre el grupo de discusión: Entre la lógica instrumental y el eterno retorno a la sociologí­a crí­tica". Encrucijadas: revista crí­tica de ciencias sociales, n. 12. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5889889#

Roda, Rafael (1990). "Televisión y cultura polí­tica". Aprendizaje. Revista de psicologí­a social, v. 5, n. 1, pp. 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.1990.10821618

Rodrí­guez-Virgili, Jordi; Sierra, Aurken; Serrano-Puche, Javier (2022). "Motivations for news exposure in different media systems: A comparative study of Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Communication today, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 60-72. https://communicationtoday.sk/wp-content/uploads/05_RODRIGUEZ-VIRGILI-et-al_CT-1-2022.pdf

Sampedro, Ví­ctor (2000). Opinión pública y democracia deliberativa: medios, sondeos y urnas. Madrid: Istmo. ISBN: 84 70903829

Sears, David O.; Freedman, Jonathan L. (1967). "Selective exposure to information: A critical review". Public opinion quarterly, v. 3, n. 12, pp. 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1086/267513

Serrano, Ivan (2013). "Just a matter of identity? Support for independence in Catalonia". Regional & federal studies, v. 23, n. 5, pp. 523-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2013.775945

Sintes-Olivella, Marí§al; Fondevila-Gascón, Joan-Francesc; Berbel-Giménez, Gaspar (2023). "Televisión e independentismo en Cataluña. Exposición selectiva de los televidentes catalanes durante el proceso independentista (2015-2020)". Revista española de investigaciones sociológicas, v. 181, pp. 101-116. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.181.101

Skovsgaard, Morten; Shehata, Adam; Strí¶mbí¤ck, Jesper (2016). "Opportunity structures for selective exposure: Investigating selective exposure and learning in Swedish election campaigns using panel survey data". The international journal of press/politics, v. 21, n. 4, pp. 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216658157

Steppat, Desiree; Castro-Herrero, Laia; Esser, Frank (2022). "Selective exposure in different political information environments: How media fragmentation and polarization shape congruent news use". European journal of communication, v. 37, n. 1, pp. 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211012141

Strí¶mbí¤ck, Jesper; Djerf-Pierre, Monika; Shehata, Adam (2013). "The dynamics of political interest and news media consumption: A longitudinal perspective". International journal of public opinion research, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds018

Stroud, Natalie-Jomini (2008). "Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure". Political behaviour, v. 30, n. 3, pp. 341-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9

Stroud, Natalie-Jomini (2010). "Polarization and partisan selective exposure". Journal of communication, v. 60, n. 3, pp. 556-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x

Stroud, Natalie-Jomini (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 199755516 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755509.001.0001

Stroud, Natalie-Jomini (2018). "Selective exposure theories". In: Kenski, Kate; Hall-Jamieson, Kathleen (eds.). The Oxford handbook of political communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 531-548. ISBN: 978 0 190090456

Sunstein, Cass R. (2003). Republica.com. Internet, democracia y libertad. Barcelona: Paidós. ISBN: 84 49313848

Valera-Ordaz, Lidia (2018). "Medios, identidad nacional y exposición selectiva: predictores de preferencias mediáticas de los catalanes". Revista española de investigaciones sociológicas, v. 164, pp. 135-165. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.164.135

Valera-Ordaz, Lidia (2022). "Political identity and news media choice: The polarizing logic of selective exposure during the Catalan independence conflict". Mass communication and society, v. 26, n. 2, pp. 326-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2127366

Valera-Ordaz, Lidia; Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa (2022). "What drives selective exposure to political information in Spain? Comparing political interest and ideology". In: Palau-Sampí­o, Dolors; López-Garcí­a, Guillermo; Ianelli, Laura. Contemporary politics, communication, and the impact on democracy. IGI Global, pp. 93-112. ISBN: 978 1 799880578 https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8057-8.ch006

Valera-Ordaz, Lidia; Requena-Mora, Marina; Pop, Ioana-Anastasia (2021). "Ideologí­a y exposición selectiva: El consumo mediático de los españoles durante la campaña de abril de 2019". En: López-Garcí­a, Guillermo; Campos-Domí­nguez, Eva. Redes en campaña: liderazgos y mensajes en las elecciones de 2019. Barcelona: Comunicación Social, pp. 157-174. ISBN: 978 84 17600617

Vara-Miguel, Alfonso; Negredo, Samuel; Moreno-Moreno, Elsa; Kaufmann, Jí¼rg (2022). Digital news report 2022. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/es/digital-news-report/2022/espana

Victoria-Mas, Marí­a; Lacasa-Mas, Ivan; Fernández-Planells, Ariadna; Justel-Vázquez, Santiago (2023). "News media brand´s value within polarized markets: Perceived quality vs. Political congruence". Catalan journal of communication and cultural studies, v. 15, n. 1, pp. 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00076_1

Zain, Ana-Laura (2014). "La medición de la audiencia digital: comScore". Indice: revista de estadí­stica y sociedad, v. 61, pp. 32-34. http://www.revistaindice.com/numero61/p32.pdf

Zoizner, Alon; Sheafer, Tamir; Castro, Laia; Aalbert, Toril; Cardenal, Ana S.; Corbu, Nicoleta; De-Vreese, Claes; Esser, Frank; Hopman, David N.; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Matthes, Jí¶rg; Schemer, Christian; Spendore, Sergio; Stanyer, James; StÄ™piÅ„ska, Agnieszka; Å tÄ›tka, Václav; Strí¶mbí¤ck, Jesper; Theocharis, Yannis; Van-Aelst, Peter (2022). "The effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on selective exposure: Evidence from 17 countries". Political communication, v. 39, n. 5, pp. 674-696. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2107745

Published

2023-09-07

How to Cite

Valera-Ordaz, L. (2023). Research on selective media exposure in Spain: a critical review of its findings, application phases, and blind spots. Profesional De La información, 32(5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.07