Body perception and frequency of exposure to advertising on social networks among adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.18Keywords:
Adolescents, Teenagers, Young people, Childhood, Social media, Social networks, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, Perception, Personal satisfaction, Self-esteem, Well-being, Physical appearance, Body, Gender, Advertising, Influencers, Diet, HealthAbstract
The marketing actions of influencers promoting unhealthy targeted products can aggravate the problem of childhood obesity and thus generate self-esteem problems. The influence of exposure to this type of sponsored content can also have an effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents. This is the context of this study, which seeks to analyze the relationship between exposure to food or body care advertising on social networks (YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok) of adolescents and their perception of their physical appearance. Online surveys were distributed between April and June 2022 to 1,055 adolescents aged 11-17 years and residing in Spain. The main results show that 16- and 17-year-olds have a heavier figure as an ideal reference, but they are also the group that presents the thinnest evaluation of their current figure. Their level of satisfaction is the lowest compared with the rest of the age groups, and they attach greater importance to the social role of a good physical appearance. Thus, exposure to advertising by influencers on social networks is directly related to lower satisfaction with their bodies. This assessment is based not so much on individual reasons related to health or personal well-being, but rather on fundamentally social reasons, and considers that physical appearance is a determining factor for social success. Therefore, it is advisable to study in more detail the beliefs that directly affect adolescents´ self-esteem to improve their critical competence in the face of this idealized content.Â
Downloads
References
Aesan (2019). Estudio Aladino. https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/web/nutricion/detalle/aladino_2019.htm
Alruwaily, Amaal; Mangold, Chelsea; Greene, Tenay; Arshonsky, Josh; Cassidy, Omni; Pomeranz, Jennifer L.; Bragg, Marie (2020). "Child social media influencers and unhealthy food product placement". Pediatrics, v. 146, n. 5, pp. 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-4057
Álvarez-Díaz, Jorge A. (2020). "La necesaria perspectiva de género para el análisis de problemas de salud". Cirugía y cirujanos, v. 88, n. 3, pp. 383-388. http://doi.org/10.24875/ciru.19000865
Audrezet, Alice; De-Kerviler, Gwarlann; Moulard, Julie-Guidry (2020). "Authenticity under threat: when social media influencers need to go beyond self-presentation". Journal of business research, v. 117, pp. 557-569. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.008
Autocontrol (2021). Código de conducta sobre el uso de influencers en la publicidad. https://www.autocontrol.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/codigo-de-conducta-publicidad-influencers.pdf
Balaban, Delia-Cristina; Mucundorfeanu, Meda; MureÈ™an, Larisa-Ioana (2022). "Adolescents´ understanding of the model of sponsored content of social media influencer Instagram stories". Media and communication, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 305-316. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i1.4652
Borrell, Carme; Artazcoz, Lucía (2008). "Las desigualdades de género en salud: retos para el futuro". Revista española de salud pública, v. 82, n. 3, pp. 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1135-57272008000300001
Boyland, Emma J.; Nolan, Sarah; Kelly, Bridget; Tudur-Smith, Catrin; Jones, Andrew; Halford, Jason C.; Robinson, Eric (2016). "Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults". The American journal of clinical nutrition, v. 103, n. 2, pp. 519-533. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120022
Cambronero-Saiz, Belén; Segarra-Saavedra, Jesús; Cristófol-Rodríguez, Carmen (2021). "Análisis desde la perspectiva de género del engagement de los principales youtubers de divulgación científica". Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, n. 16, pp. 511-525. https://doi.org/10.18002/cg.v0i16.6914
Castelló-Martínez, Araceli; Tur-Viñes, Victoria (2021). "Una combinación de alto riesgo: obesidad, marcas de alimentación, menores y retos en YouTube". Gaceta sanitaria, v. 35, n. 4, pp. 352-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.06.018
Coates, Anna-Elizabeth; Hardman, Charlotte-Alice; Grovenor-Halford, Jason-Christian; Christiansen, Paul; Boyland, Emma-Jane (2019). "The effect of influencer marketing of food and a "˜protective´ advertising disclosure on children´s food intake". Pediatric obesity, v. 14, n. 10, e12540. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12540
Cohen, Rachel; Newton-John, Toby; Slater, Amy (2021). "The case for body positivity on social media: perspectives on current advances and future directions". Journal of health psychology, v. 26, n. 13, pp. 2365-2373. http://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320912450
Conde, Rita; Casais, Beatriz (2023). "Micro, macro and mega-influencers on Instagram: the power of persuasion via the parasocial relationship". Journal of business research, v. 158, 113708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113708
Cordero, Christina; Pulgaron, Elizabeth; Marchante-Hoffman, Ashley; Llabre, María; Perreira, Krista, Sotres-Álvarez, Daniela; Isasi, Carmen; Elder, John; Delamater, Alan (2022). "Body image and disordered eating behaviors in Hispanic/Latino youth: findings from the Hispanic community health study/study of Latino youth". Appetite, v. 175, 106079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106079
De-Jans, Steffi; Hudders, Liselot (2020). "Disclosure of vlog advertising targeted to children". Journal of interactive marketing, v. 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.03.003
De-Jans, Steffi; Spielvogel, Ines; Naderer, Brigitte; Hudders, Liselot (2021). "Digital food marketing to children: How an influencer´s lifestyle can stimulate healthy food choices among children". Appetite, v. 162, 105182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105182
De-Jongh-González, Olivia; Escalante-Izeta, Ericka-Ileana; Ojeda-García, Angélica (2023). "Comprendiendo la obesidad infantil como una condición bio-psico-social". Revista cubana de psicología, v. 4, n. 6. https://revistas.uh.cu/psicocuba/article/view/311
Djafarova, Elmira; Rushworth, Chloe (2017). "Exploring the credibility of online celebrities´ Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users". Computers in human behavior, v. 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009
Du, Yuetong; Rui, J. Raymond; Yu, Nan (2023). "How parasocial relationship and influencer-product congruence shape audience´s attitude towards product placement in online videos: the mediation role of reactance". Psychology research and behavior management, v. 16, pp. 1315-1329. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S406558
Eyada, Bassant; Milla, Asli (2020). "Native advertising: challenges and perspectives". Journal of design sciences and applied arts, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 67-77. https://doi.org/10.21608/JDSAA.2020.70451
Fanjul-Peyró, Carlos; López-Font, Lorena; González-Oñate, Cristina (2019). "Adolescentes y culto al cuerpo: influencia de la publicidad y de internet en la búsqueda del cuerpo masculino idealizado". Doxa comunicación, v. 29, pp. 61-74. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n29a3
Feijoo, Beatriz; FernaÌndez-GoÌmez, Erika (2021). "Niños y niñas influyentes en YouTube e Instagram: contenidos y presencia de marcas durante el confinamiento". Cuadernos.info, n. 49, pp. 302-330. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.49.27309
Feijoo, Beatriz; Pavez, Isabel (2019). "Audiovisual content with advertising intention in children´s videos on YouTube: the case of the Soy Luna series". Communication & society, v. 32, n. 1, pp. 313-331. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.313-331
Feijoo, Beatriz; SaÌdaba, Charo; Bugueño, Simón (2020). "Anuncios entre vídeos, juegos y fotos. Impacto publicitario que recibe el menor a través del teléfono móvil". Profesional de la informacioÌn, v. 29, n. 6, e290630. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.30
Fernández-Gómez, Erika; Díaz-Campo, Jesús (2014). "La publicidad de alimentos en la televisión infantil en España: promoción de hábitos de vida saludables". Observatorio, v. 8, n. 4, pp. 133-150. https://www.doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS842014802
Fioravanti, Giulia; Bocci-Benucci, Sara; Ceragioli, Giulia; Casale, Silvia (2022). "How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies". Adolescent research review, v. 7, n. 3, pp. 419-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4
Gobierno de España (2022). Plan Estratégico Nacional para la reducción de la obesidad infantil (2022-2030). En Plan bien. Resumen ejecutivo. https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2022/100622-plan-estrategico-nacional-reduccion-obesidad-infantil_en-plan-bien.pdf
Gómez-Nieto, Begoña (2018). "El influencer: herramienta clave en el contexto digital de la publicidad engañosa". Methaodos revista de ciencias sociales, v. 6, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.17502/m.rcs.v6i1.212
González-Díaz, Cristina (2014). "La publicidad dirigida a niños en el sector de la alimentación: un estudio atendiendo al tipo de producto". Historia y comunicación social, v. 18, pp. 175-187. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_hics.2013.v18.44235
González-Oñate, Cristina; Martínez-Sánchez, Adela (2020). "Estrategia y comunicación en redes sociales: Un estudio sobre la influencia del movimiento RealFooding". Ámbitos. Revista internacional de comunicación, n. 48, pp. 79-101. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2020.i48.05
Lim, Xin-Jean; Radzol, Aifa-Rozaini; Cheah, Jun-Hwa; Wong, Mun-Wai (2017). "The impact of social media influencers on purchase intention and the mediation effect of customer attitude". Asian journal of business research, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 19-36. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.170035
López-Villafranca, Paloma; Olmedo-Salar, Silvia (2019). "Menores en YouTube, ¿ocio o negocio? Análisis de casos en España y EUA". Profesional de la información, v. 28, n. 5, e280520. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.20
Lou, Chen; Yuan, Shupei (2019). "Influencer marketing: how message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media". Journal of interactive advertising, v. 19, n. 1, pp. 58-73. http://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501
Lowe-Calverley, Emily; Grieve, Rachel (2021). "Do the metrics matter? An experimental investigation of Instagram influencer effects on mood and body dissatisfaction". Body image, v. 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.003
Markey, Charlotte H.; Daniels, Elizabeth A. (2022). "An examination of preadolescent girls´ social media use and body image: Type of engagement may matter most". Body image, v. 42, pp. 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.005
Meyers, Cynthia B. (2017). "Social media influencers: a lesson plan for teaching digital advertising media literacy". Advertising & society quarterly, v. 18, n. 2, pp. https://doi.org/10.1353/asr.2017.0018
Milmo, Dan; Skopeliti, Clea (2021). "Teenage girls, body image and Instagram´s "˜perfect storm´". The Guardian, 18 September. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/18/teenage-girls-body-image-and-instagrams-perfect-storm
Murphy, Gráinne; Corcoran, Ciara; Tatlow-Golden, Mimi; Boyland, Emma; Rooney, Brendan (2020). "See, like, share, remember: adolescents´ responses to unhealthy-, healthy- and non-food advertising in social media". International journal of environmental research and public health, v. 17, n. 7, pp. 21-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072181
Murray, Marisa A.; Obeid, Nicole; Gunnell, Katie E.; Buchholz, Annick, Flament; Martine F.; Goldfield, Gary S. (2023). "Appearance satisfaction mediates the relationship between recreational screen time and depressive symptoms in adolescents". Child and adolescent mental health, v. 28, n. 1, pp. 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12576
OMS (2018). Género y salud. Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gender
Pink, Aimee E.; Lim, Phoebe X. H.; Sim, Aaron Y.; Cheon, Bobby K. (2022). "The effects of acute social media exposure on body dissatisfaction and eating behavior of male and female students". Journal of social and clinical psychology, v. 41, n. 4, pp. 365-397. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2022.41.4.365
Reyes-Pedraza, María-Eugenia; García-González, Janet; Téllez-Castilla, María-Delia (2018). "Impacto de la publicidad en los hábitos alimenticios en los niños". Revista española de comunicación en salud, v. 9, n. 2, pp. 116-126. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4490
Rosara, Nadia-Annisa; Luthfia, Amia (2020). "Factors influencing consumer´s purchase intention on beauty products in YouTube". Journal of distribution science, v. 18, n. 6, pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.18.6.202006.37
Sadeghirad, Behnam; Duhaney, Tara; Motaghipisheh, Shahrzad; Campbell, Norm R. C.; Johnston, Bradley C. (2016). "Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children´s dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta"analysis of randomized trials". Obesity reviews, v. 17, n. 10, pp. 945-959. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12445
Sanzari, Christina M.; Gorrell, Sasha; Anderson, Lisa M.; Reilly, Erin E.; Niemiec, Martha A.; Orloff, Natalia C.; Anderson, Drew A.; Hormes, Julia M. (2023). "The impact of social media use on body image and disordered eating behaviors: Content matters more than duration of exposure". Eating behaviors, 101722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101722
Silva, Marianny-Jessica-De Brito; De-Farias, Salomí£o-Alencar; Grigg, Michelle-Helena-Kovacs; Barbosa, María-de-Lourdes-de-Azevedo (2021). "The body as a brand in social media: analyzing digital fitness influencers as product endorsers". Athenea digital, v. 21, n. 1. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.2614
Smit, Crystal R.; Buijs, Laura; Van-Woudenberg, Thabo J.; Bevelander, Kirsten E.; Buijzen, Moniek (2019). "The impact of social media influencers on children´s dietary behaviors". Frontiers in psychology, v. 10, 2975. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02975
Thompson, Marjorie A.; Gray, James J. (1995). "Development and validation of a new body-image assessment scale". Journal of personality assessment, v. 64, n. 2, pp. 258-269. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_6
Tiggemann, Marika; Anderberg, Isabella (2020). "Muscles and bare chests on Instagram: the effect of influencers´ fashion and fitspiration images on men´s body image". Body image, v. 35, pp. 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.001
Tur-Viñes, Victoria; Castelló-Martínez, Araceli (2021). "Food brands, YouTube and children: media practices in the context of the PAOS selfregulation code". Communication & society, v. 34, n. 2, pp. 87-105. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.34.2.87-105
Tur-Viñes, Victoria; Núñez-Gómez, Patricia; González-Río, María-José (2018). "Menores influyentes en YouTube. Un espacio para la responsabilidad". Revista latina de comunicacioÌn social, n. 73, pp. 1211-1230. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1303
Unicef (2021). ¿Qué opinan los niños, niñas y adolescentes? Resultados de la segunda edición del Barómetro de opinión de infancia y adolescencia 2020-2021. https://www.unicef.es/sites/unicef.es/files/comunicacion/Barometro%20infancia%202021.pdf
Van-Dam, Sophia; Van-Reijmersdal, Eva (2019). "Insights in adolescents´ advertising literacy, perceptions and responses regarding sponsored influencer videos and disclosures". Cyberpsychology: journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, v. 13, n. 2, article 2. http://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-2-2
WHO (2016). Tackling food marketing to children in a digital world: trans-disciplinary perspectives: children´s rights, evidence of impact, methodological challenges, regulatory options and policy implications for the WHO European Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/344003
WHO (2021). European childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI). Report on the fourth round of data collection, 2015-2017. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. ISBN: 978 92 890 5773 8 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341189/WHO-EURO-2021-2495-42251-58349-eng.pdf
WHO (2022). European regional obesity report. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/353747/9789289057738-eng.pdf
Wojdynski, Bartosz W.; Golan, Guy J. (2016). "Native advertising and the future of mass communication". American behavioral scientist, v. 60, n. 12, pp. 1403-1407. http://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216660134
Zozaya, Luisa; Feijoo, Beatriz; Sádaba, Charo (2023). "El papel de los influencers en las decisiones de consumo de los menores españoles". Doxa comunicación, n. 36, pp. 401-413. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n36a1685
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Profesional de la información
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Dissemination conditions of the articles once they are published
Authors can freely disseminate their articles on websites, social networks and repositories
However, the following conditions must be respected:
- Only the editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with this copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://www.profesionaldelainformacion.com
- Only the final editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with that copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com
Profesional de la información journal offers the articles in open access with a Creative Commons BY license.
