Transparency of government healthcare websites: a predictive model based on the main public administrations of Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.ene.04Keywords:
Transparency, Public administration, Accountability, Participation, Institutional communication, Organizational communication, Health information, Websites, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, SpainAbstract
Transparency and public accountability are two essential aspects of public administrations because they help to prevent possible cases of corruption and encourage citizen participation. In this sense, transparency is a communicative, not merely administrative or legal, process between public institutions and citizens. The main objective of this study is to identify predictive factors of transparency in government healthcare centers in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Spain in 2021. To do this, we analyzed the websites of 64 public administrations from these countries. Content analysis was applied to assess the presence of 24 indicators on each website. The results for the studied cases reveal an association between the level of transparency and three factors: healthcare systems, internet access, and administration levels. We also identified a predictive factor that should be considered in future studies on the transparency of healthcare websites: the likelihood of decreased transparency was reduced by 91% for public healthcare systems (Ecuador and Spain) as opposed to mixed public -private healthcare systems (Chile and Colombia). We thereby conclude that the involvement of the State, at least in matters related to the healthcare field, favors greater access to information by the community, at the same time as providing greater social responsibility because of substantial communication of the activities carried out by these centers, as well as how and by whom.
Downloads
References
Abusleme, Cesar (2020). "Why do governments further open data strategies? The cases of Mexico, Chile and Colombia". Revista estudios de políticas públicas, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 20-43. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-6296.2020.57804
Agudelo-Calderón, Carlos-Alberto; Cardona-Botero, Jaime; Ortega-Bolaños, Jesús; Robledo-Martínez, Rocío (2011). "Sistema de salud en Colombia: 20 años de logros y problemas". Ciíªncia & Saúde Coletiva, v. 16, n. 6, pp. 2817-2828. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232011000600020
Alloa, Emmanuel; Thomí¤, Dieter (2018). Transparency, society and subjectivity. Critical perspectives. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978 3 319 77161 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77161-8
Alt, James E.; Lassen, David-Dreyer (2006). "Fiscal transparency, political parties, and debt in OECD countries". European economic review, v. 50, pp. 1403-1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.04.001
Anderson, Thomas-Barnebeck (2009). "E-government as an anti-corruption strategy". Information economics and policy, v. 21, pp. 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.11.003
Aparici, Roberto; García-Marín, David (2018). "Prosumers and emirecs: Analysis of two confronted theories". Comunicar, v. 55, pp. 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C55-2018-07
Barredo-Ibáñez, Daniel (2015). "El análisis de contenido. Una introducción a la cuantificación de la realidad". Revista San Gregorio, v. 1, pp. 26-31. https://revista.sangregorio.edu.ec/index.php/REVISTASANGREGORIO/article/view/113/67
Beltrán-Orenes, Pilar; Martínez-Pastor, Esther (2016). "Grado de cumplimiento de las leyes de transparencia, acceso y buen gobierno, y de reutilización de los datos de contratación de la Administración central española". El profesional de la información, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 557-567. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.jul.05
Berganza-Conde, María-Rosa; Arcila-Calderón, Carlos; De-Miguel-Pascual, Roberto (2016). "Negativity in the political news in the Spanish news media". Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 71, pp. 160-178. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1089en
Bernal-Acevedo, í“scar; Forero-Camacho, Juan-Camilo (2011). "Sistemas de información en el sector salud en Colombia". Revista gerencia y políticas de salud, v. 10, n. 21, pp. 85-100. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgsp10-21.siss
Bertot, John C.; Jaeger, Paul T.; Grimes, Justin M. (2010). "Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies". Government information quarterly, v. 27, pp. 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.001
Bertot, John C.; Jaeger, Paul T.; Grimes, Justin M. (2012). "Promoting transparency and accountability through ICTs, social media, and collaborative e-government". Transforming government: People, process and policy, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506161211214831
Betancourt-Velázquez, Andrea-Carolina; Caviedes-Niño, Ivonne-Liliana (2018). "Metodología de correlación estadística de un sistema integrado de gestión de la calidad en el sector salud". Signos, v. 10, n. 2, pp. 119-139. https://doi.org/10.15332/s2145-1389.2018.0002.07
Binimelis-Espinoza, Helder; Veechi-Llanquile, Valentina (2018). "Transparencia y accesibilidad: evaluación del Servicio Nacional de Discapacidad en Chile desde la perspectiva de personas en situación de discapacidad visual". Revista uruguaya de ciencia política, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 57-74. https://doi.org/10.26851/rucp.28.1
Borge-Bravo, Rosa (2007). "Nuevas tecnologías y regeneración de la democracia". In: Cotino-Hueso, Lorenzo (coord.). Democracia, participación y voto a través de las nuevas tecnologías. Granada: Comares, pp. 25-34. ISBN: 978 84 9836 232 9
Buitrón-Vega, Miriam-Elena; Gea-Izquierdo, Enrique; García-Oquendo, María-Verónica (2016). "Tecnologías en información y comunicación sanitaria". Revista PUCE, v. 102, pp. 271-290. https://doi.org/10.26807/revpuce.v0i102.15
Caamaño-Alegre, José; Lago-Peñas, Santiago; Reyes-Santias, Francisco; Santiago-Boubeta, Aurora (2011). "Budget transparency in local governments: An empirical analysis". Local government studies, v. 39, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2012.693075
Calvo-Gutiérrez, Elvira (2013). "Comunicación política 2.0 y buen gobierno". In: Rí¶mer-Pieretti, Max (coord.). Miradas a las pantallas en el bolsillo. Madrid: Universidad Camilo José Cela: Madrid, pp. 70-80. ISBN: 978 84 95891 59 4
Cameron, Wayne (2004). "Public accountability: Effectiveness, equity, ethics". Australian journal of public administration, v. 63, n. 4, pp. 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2004.00402.x
Canel-Crespo, María-José; Luoma-aho, Vilma (2019). Public sector communication. Closing gaps between citizens and public organizations. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978 1 119 13562 3
Carnicero, Javier; Rojas, David (2010). Application of information and communication technologies for health systems in Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Santiago de Chile: United Nations. ISBN: 978 9 211 21746 9
Casadesús-de-Mingo, Anahí; Cerrillo-Martínez, Agustí (2018). "Improving records management to promote transparency and prevent corruption". International journal of information management, v. 38, n. 1, pp. 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.09.005
Charvel, Sofía; Cobo, Fernanda; Larrea, Silvana; Baglietto, Juliana (2018). "Challenges in priority setting from a legal perspective in Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico". Health and human rights journal, v. 20, n. 1, pp. 173-184. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039745
Cid, Camilo; Uthoff, Andras (2017). "The pending health reform in Chile: reflections on a proposal to transform the system". Revista panamericana de salud pública, v. 41. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2017.170
Cuillier, David; Piotrowski, Suzzane J. (2009). "Internet information seeking and its relation to support for access to government records". Government information quarterly, v. 26, pp. 441-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2009.03.001
Da-Cruz, Nuno-Ferreira; Marques, Rui-Cunha (2014). "Scorecards for sustainable local governments". Cities: The international journal of urban policy and planning, v. 39, pp. 165-170. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.cities.2014.01.001
Del-Rey-Morató, Javier (2007). Comunicación política, Internet y campañas electorales. De la Teledemocracia a la Ciberdemocracia. Madrid: Tecnos. ISBN: 978 84 309 4506 1
Díaz, Leonardo (2015). "Administrando la comunicación de riesgos en una emergencia sanitaria, "˜El caso de la erupción del Volcán Calbuco´, Chile 2015". Revista española de comunicación en salud, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 94-101. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2019.4443
Etzioni, Amitai (2010). "Is transparency the best disinfectant?". Journal of political philosophy, v. 18, pp. 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2010.00366.x
Fenster, Mark (2015). "Transparency in search of a theory". European journal of social theory. v. 18, n. 2, pp. 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431014555257
Francescutti, Pablo; Saperas, Enric (2015). "Los gabinetes de prensa como fuente de información política en España". La trama de la comunicación, v. 19, pp. 265-282. https://doi.org/10.35305/lt.v19i0.526
Gandía, Juan L.; Marrahí, Lucía; Huguet, David (2016). "Digital transparency and Web 2.0 in Spanish city councils". Government information quarterly, v. 33, n. 1, pp. 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.12.004
García-Altés, Anna; Argimon, Josep M. (2016). "La transparencia en la toma de decisiones de salud pública". Gaceta sanitaria, v. 30, Supl. 1, pp. 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.05.005
García-García, Jesús; Curto-Rodríguez, Ricardo (2018). "Divulgación de información pública de las comunidades autónomas españolas (2013-2017): portal de datos abiertos, portal de transparencia y web institucional". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 5, pp. 1051-1060. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.sep.09
García-García, Jesús; Curto-Rodríguez, Ricardo (2019). "Exercici de retre comptes mitjaní§ant portals de dades obertes a les comunitats autí²nomes espanyoles". IDP Revista de internet, derecho y política, v. 29. https://doi.org/10.7238/idp.v0i29.3182
Garriga-Portolà, Marc (2011). "¿Datos abiertos? Sí, pero de forma sostenible". El profesional de la información, v. 20, n. 3, pp. 298-303. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2011.may.08
Gértrudix, Manuel; Gertrudis-Casado, María-Carmen; Álvarez-García, Sergio (2016). "Consumption of public institutions´ open data by Spanish citizens". El profesional de la información, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 535-544. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.jul.03
González-Limón, Myriam; Rodríguez-Ramos, Asunción (2019). "Revisión del cumplimiento de los datos abiertos por los ayuntamientos españoles en la iniciativa Aporta". Revista española de documentación científica, v. 42, n. 4, pp. 247-261. https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2019.4.1605
Goyenechea, Matías (2019). "Estado subsidiario, segmentación y desigualdad en el sistema de salud chileno". Cuadernos médico sociales, v. 59, n. 2, pp. 7-12. https://www.celag.org/chile-estado-subsidiario-y-colapso-del-sistema-sanitario/
Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan G.; Welch, Eric W. (2012). "Developing and testing a theoretical framework for computer-mediated transparency of local governments". Public administration review, n. 72, pp. 562-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02532.x
Hí¤nska, Max; Bauchowitz, Stefan (2019). "Can social media facilitate a European public sphere? Transnational communication and the Europeanization of Twitter during the Eurozone crisis". Social media + society, v. 5, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119854686
Hernández-Bonivento, José (2020). "La forma y la esencia: efectos de las leyes de transparencia, acceso a la información y participación ciudadana en la gobernanza democrática local en Chile". Revista de gestión pública, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 143-169. https://doi.org/10.22370/rgp.2018.7.2.2193
Human Rights Watch (2020). Human rights dimensions of Covid-19 response. https://bit.ly/3qRe7II
Humprecht, Edda (2020). "How do they debunk "fake news"? A cross-national comparison of transparency in fact checks". Digital journalism, v. 8, n. 3, pp. 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691031
Jaeger, Paul T.; Bertot, John-Carlo (2010). "Transparency and technological change: Ensuring equal and sustained public access to government information". Government information quarterly, v. 27, pp. 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.05.003
Kim, Soonhee; Lee, Jooho (2012). "E-participation, transparency, and trust in local government". Public administration review, v. 72, n. 6, pp. 819-828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02593.x
Lucio, Ruth; Villacrés, Nilhda; Henríquez, Rodrigo (2011). "Sistema de salud de Ecuador". Salud pública de México, v. 53, n. 2, pp. 177-187. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10619779013
Magallón-Rosa, Raúl; Bolaños-Huertas, Victoria; Anderica-Caffarena, Victoria (2017). "Changing civil society in Spain through transparency and civic technologies". Observatorio (OBS), v. 11, n. 3, pp. 61-77. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS1132017969
Manfredi-Sánchez, Juan-Luis (2017). "Indicadores de transparencia y buen gobierno de las webs municipales españolas". Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 477-488. https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.55608
Masud, Abdul-Kaium; Bae, Seong-Mi; Manzanares, Javier; Kim, Jong-Dae (2019). "Board directors´ expertise and corporate corruption disclosure: The moderating role of political connections". Sustainability, v. 11, n. 16, pp. 4491. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164491
Medranda-Morales, Narcisa-Jessenia (2017). Calidad y transparencia en la información y comunicación que se emite a través de las páginas webs de los municipios: comparación de caso Ecuador y España. Barcelona: Universitat Autí²noma de Barcelona. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458654
Ministerio de Salud Pública (2016). Municipios saludables en el Ecuador [Health municipalities in Ecuador]. Quito: Asociación de Municipalidades Ecuatorianas.
Molina-Guzmán, Adriano (2018). "Funcionamiento y gobernanza del Sistema Nacional de Salud del Ecuador". íconos. Revista de ciencias sociales, v. 63, pp. 185-205. https://doi.org/10.17141/iconos.63.2019.3070
Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro; Medranda-Morales, Narcisa-Jesenia (2018). "La transparencia de los municipios de Ecuador en sus sitios web: metodología y resultados". América Latina hoy, v. 80, pp. 143-169. http://doi.org/10.14201/alh201880143169
Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro; Simelio-Solà, Núria; Corcoy-Rius, Marta (2017). "Methodology for transparency evaluation: procedures and problems". Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 72, pp. 818-831. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1194en
Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro; Simelio-Solà, Núria; Corcoy-Rius, Marta; Aguilar-Pérez, Antonio (2015). "Mapa Infoparticipa: cartografía interactiva para la mejora de la calidad y la transparencia de la comunicación pública local". Ar@cne. Revista electrónica de recursos en internet sobre geografía y ciencias sociales, v. 202. http://www.ub.es/geocrit/aracne/aracne-202.pdf
Moreno-Sardà, Amparo; Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro; Corcoy-Rius, Marta (2013). "The information published by local governments. The websites of Catalonia´s municipal governments". Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 68, pp. 502-528. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2013-987/CrossRef link
Moreno-Sardà, Amparo; Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro; Simelio-Solà, Núria (2017). "The impact of legislation on the transparency in information published by local administrations" El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 3, pp. 370-380. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.may.03
Muñoz-Lalinde, Johamna; Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, Pedro (2020). "Metodología para evaluar la transparencia en las páginas web de las alcaldías colombianas". RISTI. Revista ibérica de sistemas y tecnologías de la información, v. E35, pp. 422-435. http://risti.xyz/issues/ristie35.pdf
Oller-Alonso, Martín; Barredo-Ibáñez, Daniel (2013). Intermediate journalism cultures. International comparative studies in journalism. Medijska istraživanja, v. 19, n. 1, pp. 39-60. https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/27896
Orduña-Ortegón, Yeimi-Pilar (2014). "Avances en la construcción de un sistema de información en salud en Colombia". Ciencia y tecnología para la salud visual y ocular, v. 12, n. 2, pp. 73-86. https://doi.org/10.19052/sv.3297
Patiño, José-Félix (2013). "The health system in Colombia: crisis without precedent". Revista de cirugía, v. 28, n. 4, pp. 259-261. https://encolombia.com/medicina/revistas-medicas/cirugia/vol-2804/sistema-salud
Pina, Vicente; Torres, Lourdes; Royo, Sonia (2010). "Is e-government promoting convergence towards more accountable local governments?". International public management journal, n. 13, v. 4, pp. 350-380. https://doi:10.1080/10967494.2010.524834
Rebolledo, Marta; Rodríguez-Virgili, Jordi; Zamora-Medina, Rocío (2015). "La comunicación pública y local: transparencia y participación. Análisis comparativo de las websites municipales de Navarra y Murcia". In: XII Congreso español de ciencia política y de la administración - AECPA. https://aecpa.es/es-es/la-comunicacion-publica-local-transparencia-y-participacion/congress-papers/1529
Riego-Ramírez, Cristián (2019). "Conflict resolution in the health system, mediation and arbitration in an institutional context". Revista chilena de derecho privado, v. 33, pp. 43-72. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-80722019000100043
Rivero-Menéndez, José-Ángel; Mora-Agudo, Leonor; Flores-Ureba, Sandra (2007). "Un estudio de la rendición de cuentas a través del e-gobierno en la administración local Española". In: Empresa global y mercados locales: XXI Congreso Anual AEDEM.
Roberts, Alasdair (2006). Blacked out: Government secrecy in the information age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978 0 521 73154 6
Rotarou, Elena S.; Sakeriallou, Dikaios (2017). "Neoliberal reforms in health care systems and the construction of long-lasting inequalities in health care: A case study from Chile". Health policy, v. 121, n. 5, pp. 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.03.005
Sagiv, Lilach; Roccas, Sonia; Cieciuch, Jan; Schwartz, Shalom H. (2017). "Personal values in human life". Nature human behaviour, v. 1, n. 9, pp. 630-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0185-3
Sanders, Karen; Canel-Crespo, María-José; Holtz-Bacha, Christina (2011). "Governments: A three-country comparison of how governments communicate with citizens". The international journal of press/politics, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 523-547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211418225
Santos, Paloma-María; Galindo, Fernando; Rover, Aires-José (2019). "Acceso democrático a la información en los portales del gobierno español: un análisis comparativo entre los años de 2013 y 2015". Ibersid, v. 13, n. 2, pp. 13-20. https://www.ibersid.eu/ojs/index.php/ibersid/article/view/4502
Schmidthuber, Lisa; Ingrams, Alex; Hilgers, Dennis (2020). "Government openness and public trust: The mediating role of democratic capacity". Public administration review, v. 81, n. 1, pp. 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13298
Schudson, Michael (2020). "The shortcomings of transparency for democracy". American behavioral scientist, v. 64, n. 11, pp. 1670-1678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220945347
SkaržauskienÄ—, Aelita; MaÄiulienÄ—, Monika (2020). "Mapping international civic technologies platforms". Informatics, v. 7, n. 4, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7040046
Suárez-Rozo, Luisa-Fernanda; Puerto-García, Stephanie; Rodríguez-Moreno, Lina-María; Ramírez-Moreno, Jaime (2017). "La crisis del sistema de salud colombiano: una aproximación desde la legitimidad y la regulación". Revista gerencia y políticas de salud, v. 16, n. 32, pp. 34-50. http://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.rgps16-32.cssc
Uvalle-Berrones, Ricardo (2007). "Gobernabilidad, transparencia y reconstrucción del Estado". Convergencia, v. 14, n. 45, pp. 47-74. https://bit.ly/3iwPj5Y
Van-Ruler, Betteke (2018). "Communication theory: An underrated pillar on which strategic communication rests". International journal of strategic communication, v. 12, n. 4, pp. 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1452240
Vargas-Arias, Luis-Humberto (2019). Límites a la autonomía de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados. Estudio de los GAD parroquiales rurales. Ecuador: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/handle/10644/6694
Vian, Taryn (2020). "Anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in health: concepts, frameworks, and approaches". Global health action, v. 13, sup. 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1694744
Vu, Hong Tien; Saldaña, Magdalena (2021). "Chillin´ effects of fake news: Changes in practices related to accountability and transparency in American newsrooms under the influence of misinformation and accusations against the news media". Journalism & mass communication quarterly, v. 98, n. 3, pp. 769-799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020984781
We Are Social (2020a). Digital 2020: Global digital yearbook. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-yearbook
We Are Social (2020b). Digital 2020: Ecuador. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-ecuador
We Are Social (2021). Digital 2021: Global overview report. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2021
World Bank (2020). GDP per capita (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Dissemination conditions of the articles once they are published
Authors can freely disseminate their articles on websites, social networks and repositories
However, the following conditions must be respected:
- Only the editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with this copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://www.profesionaldelainformacion.com
- Only the final editorial version should be made public. Please do not publish preprints, postprints or proofs.
- Along with that copy, a specific mention of the publication in which the text has appeared must be included, also adding a clickable link to the URL: http://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com
Profesional de la información journal offers the articles in open access with a Creative Commons BY license.
