High-quality journalism in the face of Donald Trump´s theory of electoral fraud: the information strategy of the media in the 2020 US presidential election

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.nov.19

Palabras clave:

Political communication, Elections, Disinformation, Public sphere, Media, Fraud, Political polls, Democracy, Trump, Twitter

Resumen

The institutional political crisis is posited to be a great risk facing twenty-first-century societies. The instability of democracy, the increase in misinformation in electoral processes, and distrust by citizens are facts that are confirmed by studies such as The Economist Intelligence Unit (2018) or Freedom in the World (2018). In the context of the most recent US elections (3-Nov-2020), President Donald Trump initiated a dialog focused on an allegation of electoral fraud that mobilized the masses and culminated in an assault on the Capitol. In parallel, Twitter endorses the role of journalism (@ABC, @AP, @CBSNews, @CNN, @FoxNews, @NBCNews, and @Reuters) as a gatekeeper to lies on the Internet. The aim of this study is to determined how the media treated the electoral process on their Twitter accounts, analyze the strategies they followed to combat Trump´s fallacy, and verify the extent to which they contributed or not to the spread of the conspiracy theory. Using a general sample of tweets (n1 = 3,577), we applied a comparative content analysis methodology with a three-pronged approach (quantitative-qualitative-discursive) based on the use of keyword indicators (n2 = 34,430). The results confirm that the media offered verified content on the electoral process, using different sources and avoiding reproduction of Donald Trump´s delegitimization speech. In general, they engaged in a fight against the theory of electoral fraud, against disinformation, and against the polarization of citizens, which are factors that have marked a scenario of doubt about the future of democracy.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Ali, Muhammad-Yousuf; Gatiti, Peter (2020). "The Covid-19 (coronavirus) pandemic: reflections on the roles of librarians and information professionals". Health information & libraries journal, v. 37, n. 2, pp. 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12307

Alonso-Muñoz, Laura; Marcos-Garcí­a, Silvia; Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2016). "Political leaders in (inter)action. Twitter as a strategic communication tool in electoral campaigns". Trí­podos, n. 39, pp. 71-90. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/381

Amado, Adriana (2014). "Los hechos y los dichos en las noticias: la polifoní­a del discurso periodí­stico". Romanica olomucensia, v. 26, n. 2, pp. 143-156. https://doi.org/10.5507/ro.2014.017

Anthony, Laurence (2021). AntConc (versión 3.5.9) [software informático]. Tokio: Waseda University. https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc

Bakker, Ryan; Jolly, Seth; Polk, Jonathan (2020). "Multidimensional incongruence, political disaffection, and support for anti-establishment parties". Journal of European public policy, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 292-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1701534

Balz, Dan; Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (2021). "Biden wins wide approval for handling of transition, but persistent GOP skepticism on issues will cloud the opening of his presidency, Post-ABC poll finds". The Washington Post, 17 January. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/poll-biden-trump-republicans/2021/01/16/5e41c9ba-575b-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html

Bennett, W. Lance; Livingston, Steven (2018). "The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions". European journal of communication, v. 33, n. 2, pp. 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317

Bennett, W. Lance; Pfetsch, Barbara (2018). "Rethinking political communication in a time of disrupted public spheres". Journal of communication, v. 68 n. 2, pp. 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx017

Bernicot, Josie; Goumi, Antonine; Bert-Erboul, Alain; Volckaert-Legrier, Olga (2014). "How do skilled and less-skilled spellers write text messages? A longitudinal study". Journal of computer assisted learning, v. 30, n. 6, pp. 559-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12064

Caldera-Serrano, Jorge; Nuño-Moral, Marí­a-Victoria; Zapico-Alonso, Felipe (2004). "Las agencias internacionales de noticias como fuente de información audiovisual". Scire, v. 10, n. 2, pp. 137-146. https://www.ibersid.eu/ojs/index.php/scire/article/view/1500

Carlson, Matt (2017). Journalistic authority: legitimating news in the digital era. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 0231174454

Carrasco-Polaino, Rafael; Villar-Cirujano, Ernesto; Tejedor-Fuentes, Laura (2018). "Twitter como herramienta de comunicación polí­tica en el contexto del referéndum independentista catalán: asociaciones ciudadanas frente a instituciones públicas". Icono 14, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 64-85. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i1.1134

Casals, Marí­a-Jesús (2005). Periodismo y sentido de la realidad. Teorí­a y análisis de la narrativa periodí­stica. Madrid: Fragua. ISBN: 8470741705

Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2018). "Research on political information and social media: Key points and challenges for the future". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 5, pp. 964-974. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.sep.01

Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2020a). "Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak". El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23

Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2020b). "Influence of media on the political conversation on Twitter: Activity, popularity, and authority in the digital debate in Spain". Icono14. Revista cientí­fica de comunicación y tecnologí­as emergentes, v. 18, n. 1, pp. 33-57. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v18i1.1527

Cha, Meeyoung; Haddadi, Hamed; Benevenuto, Fabrí­cio; Gummadi, Krishna P. (2010). "Measuring user influence in Twitter: The million follower fallacy". In: Proceedings of the fourth international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media. AAAI Press, pp. 10-17. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.192

Chadwick, Andrew (2017). The hybrid media system: politics and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 190696733

CNN (2020a). "Exit polls: national results". CNN politics. https://edition.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results

CNN (2020b). "Presidential results". CNN politics. https://edition.cnn.com/election/2020/results/president

Congosto, Mariluz; Basanta-Val, Pablo; Sánchez-Fernández, Luis (2017). "T-Hoarder: A framework to process Twitter data streams". Journal of network and computer applications, n. 83, pp. 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.029

Crilley, Rhys; Gillespie, Marie (2019). "What to do about social media? Politics, populism and journalism". Journalism, v. 20, n. 1, pp. 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807344

Dader, José-Luis (2014). "El periodista, entre el poder". Revista latina de comunicación social, n. 69, pp. 637-660. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1028

D´Heer, Evelien; Verdegem, Pieter (2015). "What social media data mean for audience studies: a multidimensional investigation of Twitter use during a current affairs TV programme". Information, communication and society, v. 18, n. 2, pp. 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.952318

De-la-Torre, Carlos (2018). "Leyendo a Donald Trump desde América Latina". Revista SAAP: Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Polí­tico, v. 12, n. 1, pp. 179-194. https://revista.saap.org.ar/contenido/revista-saap-v12-n1/SAAP_12_1-De_La_Torre.pdf

Duque, Eladio (2014). "Análisis de contenido mediante análisis de palabras clave: la representación de los participantes en los discursos de Esperanza Aguirre". Mediaciones sociales, n. 13, pp. 39-73. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_MESO.2014.n13.49432

Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. (2004). "Complementarity in consumption of news types across traditional and new media". Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, v. 48, n. 1, pp. 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4801_3

Enli, Gunn (2017). "Twitter as arena for the authentic out-sider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election". European journal of communication, v. 32, n. 1, pp. 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802

Epstein, Edward-Jay (1975). Between fact and fiction: the problem of journalism. New York. Vintage Books. ISBN: 0394713966

Esser, Frank; De-Vreese, Claes H.; Strí¶mbí¤ck, Jesper; Van-Aelst, Peter; Aalberg, Toril; Stanyer, James; Lengauer, Gí¼nther; Berganza, Rosa; Legnante, Guido; Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos; Salgado, Susana; Sheafer, Tamir; Reinemann, Carsten (2012). "Political information opportunities in Europe: A longitudinal and comparative study of thirteen television systems". The international journal of press/politics, v. 17, n. 3, pp. 247-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212442956

Fajardo-Trigueros, Clara; Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén (2020). "La acción de la UE en España ante la "˜infodemia´ de desinformación por el Covid-19". Revista de estilos de aprendizaje, v. 13, n. 26, pp. 19-32. http://revistaestilosdeaprendizaje.com/article/view/2153

Fernández-Garcí­a, Francisco (2005). í‰rase una vez: la narración informativa en televisión. Universidad de Jaén. ISBN: 8484392767

Flowerdew, John; Richardson, John E. (eds.) (2017). The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 1138826405

Fuentes-Rodrí­guez, Catalina (2020). Estrategias argumentativas y discurso polí­tico. Madrid: Arco Libros. ISBN: 978 84 7635 949 5

Gadde, Vijaya; Beykpour, Kayvon (2020). "Additional steps we´re taking ahead of the 2020 US election". Twitter, 9 October. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/2020-election-changes.html

Gerbaudo, Paolo (2018). "Social media and populism: an elective affinity?". Media, culture & society, v. 40, n. 5, pp. 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772192

Gil de Zúñiga, Homero; Huber, Brigitte; StrauíŸ, Nadine (2018). "Social media and democracy". El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 6, pp. 1172-1180. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.nov.01

Gil de Zúñiga, Homero; Weeks, Brian; Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto (2017). "Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics". Journal of computer-mediated communication, v. 22, n. 3, pp. 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12185

Gunter, Barrie (1997). Measuring bias on television. Luton: University of Luton. ISBN: 978 1 860205262

Habermas, Jí¼rgen (2006). "Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research". Communication theory, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x

Jones, Jeffrey M. (2021). "Last Trump job approval 34%; Average is record-low 41%". Gallup, 18 January. https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx

Kaiser, Brittany (2020). "I blew the whistle on Cambridge Analytica - four years later, Facebook still hasn´t learnt its lesson". The independent.

Kovach, Bill; Rosenstiel, Tom (2007). The elements of journalism: what newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN: 978 0 307346704

Krippendorff, Klaus (2004). Content analysis. Sage. ISBN: 978 0761915454

Lee, Martin A.; Solomon, Norman (1990). Unreliable sources: a guide to detecting bias in news media. New York: Lyle Stuart book. ISBN: 978 0 818405211

Lee, Sangwon; Xenos, Michael (2019). "Social distraction? Social media use and political knowledge in two US presidential elections". Computers in human behavior, v. 90, pp. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.006

Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2018). How democracies die. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN: 978 1 524762940

Lockwood, James; Mooney, Aidan (2018). "Computational thinking in secondary education: where does it fit? A systematic literary review". International journal of computer science education in schools, v. 2, n. 1. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED581487

Mammone, Andrea (2009). "The eternal return? Faux populism and contemporarization of neo-Fascism across Britain, France and Italy". Journal of contemporary European studies, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782800903108635

Mancera-Rueda, Ana; Pano-Alamán, Ana (2014). "Las redes sociales como corpus de estudio para el análisis del discurso mediado por ordenador". Janus: estudios sobre el siglo de oro, Anexo 1, pp. 305-315. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/60827

Manfredi-Sánchez, Juan-Luis; Amado-Suárez, Adriana; Waisbord, Silvio (2021). "Presidential Twitter in the face of Covid-19: between populism and pop politics". Comunicar, n. 66, pp. 83-94. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-07

Martí­nez-Albertos, José-Luis (1984). Curso general de redacción periodí­stica. Barcelona: Maitre. ISBN: 8486153034

Martí­nez-Albertos, José-Luis (1989). El lenguaje periodí­stico. Madrid: Paraninfo. ISBN: 8428317283

Martí­nez-Nicolás, Manuel; Humanes, Marí­a-Luisa (2012). "Culturas profesionales del periodismo polí­tico en España. El discurso de los periodistas sobre la polí­tica y las funciones polí­ticas de los medios". En: Casero-Ripollés, Andreu. Periodismo polí­tico en España: concepciones, tensiones y elecciones. Tenerife: Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social, pp. 47-65. ISBN: 978 84 15698098

Mounk, Yascha (2018). The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN: 978 0 674976825

Mudde, Cas (2016). "Europe´s populist surge: A long time in the making". Foreign affairs, v. 95, n. 6, pp. 25-30. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309643775_Europe´s_Populist_Surge_A_Long_Time_in_the_Making

Munive, Mario (2016). "Periodismo de declaraciones: Cuando la prensa renuncia a ser el lugar de los hechos". Conexión, n. 6, pp. 42-57. https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/conexion/article/view/16456

Naderi, Nona; Hirst, Graeme (2018). "Automated fact-checking of claims in argumentative parliamentary debates". In: Proceedings of the first workshop on fact extraction and verification, pp. 60-65. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-5509

Neudert, Lisa-Marie; Marchal, Nahema (2019). Polarisation and the use of technology in political campaigns and communication. European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA). https://doi.org/10.2861/167110

Núñez-Ladevéze, Luis (1995). Introducción al periodismo escrito. Barcelona: Ariel. ISBN: 8434412640

Ott, Brian L. (2017). "The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement". Critical studies in media communication, v. 34, n. 1, pp. 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686

Panetta, Kasey (2017). "Gartner top strategic predictions for 2018 and beyond". Gartner. https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-strategic-predictions-for-2018-and-beyond

Palau-Sampio, Dolors; Gómez-Mompart, Josep-Lluí­s (2015). "Calidad y credibilidad, un binomio inexorable para el futuro de los medios". Periodí­stica, n. 16, pp. 11-28. https://raco.cat/index.php/Periodistica/article/view/321204

Pellegrini, Silvia; Múgica, Marí­a-Constanza (2006). "Valor agregado periodí­stico (VAP): la calidad periodí­stica como factor productivo en un entorno medial complejo". Palabra clave, v. 9, n. 1. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/649/64900101.pdf

Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (2018). "Lazy, not biased: susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning". Cognition, v. 188, pp. 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011

Pérez-Curiel, Concha; Domí­nguez-Garcí­a, Ricardo; Jiménez-Marí­n, Gloria (2021). "Public sphere and misinformation in the U.S. election: Trump´s audience and populism indicators in the Covid-19 context". Journalism and media, n. 2, pp. 335-350. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2030020

Pérez-Curiel, Concha; Limón-Naharro, Pilar (2019). "Political influencers. A study of Donald Trump´s personal brand on Twitter and its impact on the media and users". Communication and society, v. 32, n. 1, pp. 57-76. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.57-76

Pérez-Curiel, Concha; Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén (2021). "Realities and challenges of a democracy in crisis. Impact of desinformation and populism on the media system". In: Rocha, Álvaro; Barredo-Ibáñez, Daniel; López-López, Paulo-Carlos; Puentes-Rivera, Iván (eds.). Communication and smart technologies, ICOMA 2021. Smart innovation, system and technologies, v. 259. Singapore: Springer. ISBN: 978 981 16 5791 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5792-4_10

Pérez-Curiel, Concha; Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén; Garcí­a-Gordillo, Mar (2021). "Impact of Trump´s digital rhetoric on the US elections: A view from worldwide far-right populism". Social sciences, v. 10, n. 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050152

Pérez-Curiel, Concha; Velasco-Molpeceres, Ana-Marí­a (2020). "Impacto del discurso polí­tico en la difusión de bulos sobre Covid-19. Influencia de la desinformación en públicos y medios". Revista latina de comunicación social, n. 78, pp. 65-97. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1469

Pew Research Center (2020). "Sharp divisions on vote counts, as Biden gets high marks for his post-election conduct". Pew Research Center, 20 November. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/11/20/sharp-divisions-on-vote-counts-as-biden-gets-high-marks-for-his-post-election-conduct

Pew Research Center (2021). "Appendix A: Grouping outlets by audience ideology and grouping survey respondents by media diet". Pew Research Center, 28 April. https://www.journalism.org/2021/04/28/biden-administration-100-days-appendix-a-grouping-outlets-by-audience-ideology-and-grouping-survey-respondents-by-media-diet

Romero-Rodrí­guez, Luis M.; De-Casas-Moreno, Patricia; Torres-Toukoumidis, Ángel (2016). "Dimensions and indicators of the information quality in digital media". Comunicar, v. 24, n. 49, pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.3916/C49-2016-09

Rost, Alejandro; Bernardi, Marí­a-Teresa; Bergero, Fabián (2016). Periodismo transmedia. La narración distribuida de la noticia. Neuquén: Publifadecs. ISBN: 978 987 1549 99 3 http://rdi.uncoma.edu.ar//handle/123456789/15341

Roth, Yoel (2018). "Automation and the use of multiple accounts". Twitter. Developer blog, 21 February. https://blog.twitter.com/developer/en_us/topics/tips/2018/automation-and-the-use-of-multiple-accounts.html

Rúas-Araújo, Xosé; Mazaira, Andrés; Rodrí­guez-Vázquez, Ana-Isabel (2018). "Nuevos medios y medios tradicionales en la red. Espacios de opinión e interacción polí­tica en la era Trump". Icono 14, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 86-113. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i1.1118

Salaverrí­a, Ramón; Buslón, Nataly; López-Pan, Fernando; León, Bienvenido; López-Goñi, Ignacio; Erviti, Marí­a-Carmen (2020). "Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipologí­a de los bulos sobre la Covid-19". El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 3. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15

Sánchez-Saus, Marta (2018). "Análisis de palabras clave en comunicación para el desarrollo y el cambio social: el caso de #comunicambio en Twitter". Cultura, lenguaje y representación, n. 19, pp. 119-139. https://doi.org/10.6035/clr.2018.19.7

Sanz-Blasco, Rubén; Carro-de-Francisco, Cristina (2019). "Susceptibilidad cognitiva a las falsas informaciones". Historia y comunicación social, v. 24, n. 2, pp. 521-531. https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66296

Schulte-Cloos, Julia; Leininger, Arndt (2021). "Electoral participation, political disaffection, and the rise of the populist radical right". Party politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820985186

Silverman, David (2016). Qualitative research. London: SAGE. ISBN: 1473916569

Smyrnaios, Nikis; Rebillard, Franck (2019). "How infomediation platform took over the news: a longitudinal perspective". The political economy of communication, v. 7, n. 1, pp. 30-50. https://www.polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/view/103

The economist (2020). "Only a quarter of Republicans believe Donald Trump should concede". The economist, 19 November. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/11/19/only-a-quarter-of-republicans-believe-donald-trump-should-concede

The New York Times (2021). "Republican ties to extremist groups are under scrutiny". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/29/us/republicans-trump-capitol-riot.html

The Washington Post (2020). "Exit poll results and analysis for the 2020 presidential election". The Washington Post, 14 December. https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2020/exit-polls/presidential-election-exit-polls

Van-Aelst, Peter; Strí¶mbí¤ck, Jesper; Aalberg, Toril; Esser, Frank; De-Vreese, Claes; Matthes, Jí¶rg; Hopmann, David; Salgado, Susana; Hubé, Nicolas; StÄ™piÅ„ska, Agnieszka; Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos; Berganza, Rosa; Legnante, Guido; Reinemann, Carsten; Sheafer, Tamir; Stanyer, James (2017). "Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?". Annals of the International Communication Association, v. 41, n. 1, pp. 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551

Van-Dijk, Teun A. (2015). "Critical discourse studies. A sociocognitive approach". Methods of critical discourse studies, v. 3, n. 1, pp. 63-85. http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Critical%20Discourse%20Studies.pdf

Vázquez-Cano, Esteban; Fombona, Javier; Bernal, César (2016). "Análisis computacional de las caracterí­sticas ortotipográficas y paralingí¼í­sticas de los tweets periodí­sticos". El profesional de la información, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 588-598. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.jul.08

Verdú, Yolanda (2009). Sesgo y encuadre en las noticias de televisión. Mecanismos de manipulación periodí­stica a propósito del urbanismo y del agua en los informativos de Canal 9. Tesis doctoral, Universitat de València.

Waisbord, Silvio (2018). "Truth is what happens to news: on journalism, fake news, and post-truth". Journalism studies, v. 19, n. 13, pp. 1866-1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881

Waisbord, Silvio; Amado, Adriana (2017). "Populist communication by digital means: presidential Twitter in Latin America information". Communication and society, v. 20, n. 9, pp. 1330-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2017.1328521

Wason, Peter C. (1960). "On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task". Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, v. 12, n. 3, pp. 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216008416717

Wodak, Ruth (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Londres: Sage. ISBN: 1446247007

Woolley, Samuel C.; Howard, Philip N. (2017). Computational propaganda worldwide: executive summary. Working paper. Oxford: Computational propaganda research project. http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Casestudies-ExecutiveSummary.pdf

Publicado

2021-12-16

Cómo citar

Pérez-Curiel, C., Domí­nguez-Garcí­a, R., & Velasco-Molpeceres, A.-M. (2021). High-quality journalism in the face of Donald Trump´s theory of electoral fraud: the information strategy of the media in the 2020 US presidential election. Profesional De La información, 30(6). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.nov.19

Número

Sección

Artí­culos de investigación / Research articles